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Mining woes in the Congo echo colonial blues

The Katanga region is a major deposit for rare-earth minerals that can supply Global North’s needs to manufacture EV batteries. However, there’s a raging conflict in the region that sees human depravity reaching an extreme. And the Global North’s partly to blame for it.

Yasuharu Ohno

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Credit: Christopher Burns / Unsplash

Did you know that the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) houses more than half of the world’s cobalt reserves? It’s one of the major supplier of cobalt to the global market. The cobalt production there comprises 70% of the worldwide cobalt production in 2021. These facts were according to the 2022 report by the National Minerals Information Centre of the US’ Geological Survey.

The DRC is also one of the main global providers of raw materials to the electric vehicle industry. These include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which are mainly produced by China, Europe, and the United States. This is an industry that a McKinsey report indicated the demand for lithium-ion batteries (also ubiquitous in smartphones), would go up to 32% annually between 2015 and 2030.

However, the political stability in the DRC can’t be any dire than ever before. Internal strife in North Kivu is violent, as various militant factions and the DRC military themselves terrorize local mine workers into accepting the most unacceptable terms. They occupy streets and force people into working at mines if they can’t bribe their way out.

Piasecki Poulsen’s 2010 film “Blood in The Mobile” documented the life of mine workers at the Bise tin mining site under DRC military control.

In the film, Poulsen describes the mining site had “improvised mine shafts” that could cause “the mountain to collapse at any moment”. The low safety standards quite often led to fatal accidents in these artisanal mines. Amdist these appalling circumstances, some 15,000 to 20,000 people, including children, worked in Bisie. However, they’re effectively trapped there providing slave labour, as they can’t afford to pay the military for their own escape.

Unsplash child labour

Children working hard at a mining site in Congo. Credit: Jclaboh / Wikimedia

The film documented the DRC military generating as much as $300,000 to $600,000 per month back then.

As this tragedy plays out, the DRC government and the military operate with impunity.

Amnesty International’s 2016 reported on these appalling labour conditions, inexcusable child labour, health hazards and physical abuse people were subjected to.

However, there are ways to stop this systemic abuse, if other stakeholders evolved in these battery manufacturing do their bit.

Colonial blues

The foreign mining companies are all from the Global North – namely the US, UK, Germany, South Korea, China and Japan. They were all in need of some serious self-reflection.

At least for the West, this holds true now as much as it did back then when they colonized the Congo region in the late 19th century.

Then, King Msiri of the Yeke Kingdom, had access to vast natural resources over the Katanga region he ruled. And this attracted European merchants who arrived there.

Belgium’s King Leopold II initiated plans to consolidate territory in central Africa soon after, through funding European ‘expeditions’ into Africa.

In 1884, Leopold II unilaterally established the Congo Free State (CFS). What happened next though, was harrowing. Leopold II had King Msiri and his son assassinated. Resistance fighters had their hands cut off. Indigenous people were to engage in slave labour until their deaths. As the colonial era was now underway, local chieftains then had to send for manpower from villages, to build infrastructure to mine the natural resources.  

The Belgians dominated human and natural resources in Congo, and its legacy has remained until recently. 

The colonial exploitation in CFS was supported by the economic interests of private companies as well. King Leopold II gave concessions to private companies in which he was involved as a stakeholder. When the innovation of pneumatic tyres triggered the rubber boom in Europe around 1900, Dunlop Rubber supported King Leopold II and successfully attained the vast amount of rubber supply from him.

Neo-colonialism

The natural resources in Congo were still amid the global and local interests after its independence as the DRC. The assassination of Patrice Lumumba in 1960, the first prime minister of the DRC and independence leader, exposes US’, Belgium’s and Britain’s interests to secure natural resources even post-independence. The West never quite left the Katanga region for what it’s worth.

Wikimedia lumumba

Patrice Lumumba in Brussels (1960). Credit: Herbert Behrens (ANEFO)

Belgium attempted the secession of Katanga, a region with an enormous amount of copper, cobalt and radium reserves. Union Miniere, a Belgian mining enterprise, provided for acid then used by Belgian agents to dispose of Lumumba’s corpse.  

In the aftermath, the Belgians and the US’ propped up Joseph-Desire Mobutu as leader in a coup d’etat.

Thereafter, the local chieftains and plantation owners oversaw forced labour in plantations under the Mobutu regime.

The colonial era, never really quite subsided in the Congo region. It’s neo-colonialism in a way – for the ordinary people there, the subjugation merely changed powers. The rot in the system stems from far deep, not within the DRC so much as the Western powers which shaped the political situation and geography there. Crisis could be manufactured, if they wanted.

Although today, they won’t have to pay for the colonial baggage, they surely are held responsible if even accusations of slave labour were made. The conflict in North Kivu wouldn’t end anytime soon. But foreign mining companies have a responsibility to ensure that their supply of raw materials aren’t dependent on slave labour at the least.  

Taking responsibility

In 2021, the German automobile manufacturing giant, Volkswagen released a report on their internal investigation to ensure their supply chains weren’t in any way dependent on child labour or acts of human slavery. 

Unsplash automotive manufacture

Credit: Simon Cadula / Unsplash

Volkswagen works in sustainable initiatives such as Responsible Source Initiatives, and the Global Battery Alliance. The 2021 detailed report informs an overview of Volkswagen’s efforts towards mitigating specific risks of raw materials.

Volkswagen conducted audits of 25 suppliers in 2021 and took a lot of measures: safety training and signs, updates on vehicle and machinery maintenance, improvements on waste assessment and management, among others.

As well-meaning as they maybe, none of this can protect mine workers, who’s at the base of a power hierarchy where the foreign manufacturers are at the top. And the trapping’s in the hierarchy.

The mining companies can have these workers precariously removed from the supply chain if they want to.

One example is when mining companies to replace artisanal miners with flexible workforces in the DRC, which made artisanal miners more vulnerable to the volatility of cobalt price and reputational damage.

Since cobalt was discovered in the copper slags centuries ago, Congo soon became the major cobalt supplier to the US and the UK during World War II supported by the sharp increase in demand for weaponry. After WWII, Congo (later the DRC and Zaire) was to be involved in Cold War, having their leadership toppled by the Western Bloc, as they and then the Eastern Bloc interfered with the domestic affairs, just like during the colonial era.

Amidst all these geopolitics playing out, it’s the common people who’re paying a price with their well-being. And it’s time the world pays more attention to this.  

Yasuharu is a management consultant with a keen interest in the relationship between technologies and society. He has pursued how we can make stakeholders held responsible for their technologies throughout business and academic career. He received MSc in Science and Technology Studies with Distinction from University College London. His thesis focused on the power relationship surrounding genome-edited aquaculture in Japan.

Earth

Vantara: Inside a Billionaire-Backed Bid to Build a Global Wildlife University

The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex.

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Anant Ambani at the foundation ceremony of Vantara University in Jamnagar, India, April 2026. Image credit: Vantara.

A new private university focused on wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences is being positioned as an ambitious attempt to reshape how the world trains the next generation of conservation professionals—backed by one of Asia’s most influential business families.

The institution, Vantara University, has been launched in western India by a wildlife initiative founded by Anant Ambani, part of the Reliance group. Framed as an integrated academic ecosystem, the project reflects a growing trend where private capital is stepping into areas traditionally led by public institutions and global nonprofits.

Vantara officially describes the university as the “world’s first integrated global university” dedicated to wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences. While the scale and integration may be distinctive, similar disciplines are already taught across universities worldwide, often through specialised schools, research centres, and veterinary colleges.

The claim, therefore, rests less on the existence of such education and more on the attempt to consolidate it within a single, purpose-built institutional framework.

A Shift Toward Education-Led Conservation

The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex. Climate change, habitat fragmentation, and the spread of zoonotic diseases are reshaping ecosystems and exposing the limits of traditional conservation models.

There is a growing recognition that protecting biodiversity will require not just field interventions, but a systemic expansion of expertise—from wildlife veterinarians and epidemiologists to policy specialists and conservation planners.

Vantara University aims to respond to this gap by bringing together disciplines such as wildlife medicine, genetics, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, and conservation policy under one academic structure.

Blending Science, Scale, and Philosophy

The university’s vision combines scientific training with a philosophical framing rooted in compassion and stewardship. Its design draws inspiration from historical centres of learning, while positioning itself as a modern, purpose-led institution.

“The future of conservation will depend on how we prepare minds and institutions to serve life with compassion, knowledge, and skill,” Anant Ambani said in a statement.

“Vantara University is shaped by a deeply personal journey of witnessing animals in distress and recognising the need for greater capability in their care… the university seeks to nurture a new generation committed to protecting every life.”

Global Ambitions, Local Foundations

Although based in India, the project is clearly aimed at a global audience.

The university plans to offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and specialised programmes, supported by research infrastructure and international collaborations. It also emphasises action-oriented learning, linking academic work with real-world conservation practices.

This approach reflects a broader shift in higher education, where institutions are increasingly expected to produce not just knowledge, but deployable expertise.

The Rise of Private Influence in Conservation

The initiative also highlights a larger structural shift: the growing role of private capital in shaping conservation agendas.

Historically, conservation has been driven by governments, multilateral agencies, and non-profit organisations. However, large-scale funding gaps and the urgency of environmental crises are opening the door for philanthropic and corporate actors to play a more prominent role.

This raises both opportunities and questions.

Private initiatives can accelerate innovation and investment, but they also bring concerns around governance, accountability, and long-term alignment with public interest.

Questions of Access and Impact

As with many specialised institutions, accessibility will be a critical test.

While the university has announced scholarships aimed at supporting students from diverse backgrounds, the broader question remains: can such models scale inclusively, particularly for communities most directly affected by environmental change?

The effectiveness of the initiative will also depend on its ability to influence policy, contribute to global research, and produce professionals equipped to address complex ecological challenges.

A Changing Conservation Landscape

The launch of Vantara University signals a deeper transition in how conservation is being imagined.

Increasingly, the field is moving beyond isolated interventions toward integrated systems that connect science, education, and practice. In this context, universities are not just centres of learning—they are becoming critical infrastructure in the fight to preserve biodiversity.

Whether this particular model succeeds will depend on execution, collaboration, and its ability to move beyond vision into measurable impact.

But its emergence underscores a central reality:

The future of conservation may depend as much on classrooms and laboratories as it does on forests and protected areas.

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Health

Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels

A new Lancet Commission will examine how rising sea levels impact health, equity, and global systems, with experts calling it an urgent crisis.

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Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels
Image credit: Andres Ayala s/Unsplash

A new global commission led by The Lancet has been launched to examine the growing health and justice impacts of sea-level rise, as climate change accelerates risks for millions living in coastal and low-lying regions.

The Lancet Commission on Sea-Level Rise, Health and Justice, announced on April 8, brings together 26 international experts to assess how rising seas are reshaping public health, livelihoods, and global equity.

A Growing Crisis Beyond Climate

Sea-level rise, driven by anthropogenic climate change, is already contributing to displacement, food and water insecurity, and changing patterns of infectious diseases. The Commission marks the first major effort to analyse these intersecting risks through a health-focused lens.

“This commission comes at exactly the right time… sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat. It is already disrupting lives, health and wellbeing, especially for the most vulnerable,” said Christiana Figueres, Co-Chair of the Commission and a former UN climate chief.

Experts warn that the impacts extend far beyond environmental damage, affecting the social and economic fabric of vulnerable communities.

“Rising seas don’t just threaten coastlines, they threaten lives, livelihoods, and basic fairness. This is not only a climate problem. It is a health crisis, a justice crisis, and an urgent call for collective action,” said Jemilah Mahmood, Commissioner, Lancet Commission, and Executive Director of the Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Malaysia.

An Urgent Global Health Challenge

The Commission is supported by the WHO Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment and Health and aims to generate evidence-based policy recommendations to strengthen adaptation, resilience, and equitable responses.

Dr Sandro Demaio, Director of WHO ACE, emphasised the immediacy of the crisis.

“Sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat — it is a public health emergency unfolding now. Through this WHO supported global Commission, we are clear: inaction is not neutral, it is a choice that puts lives and justice at risk.”

Human Impacts at the Core

The Commission also highlights the disproportionate burden on vulnerable populations, particularly in coastal and low-income regions.

“Rising sea levels are more than an environmental issue; they quietly contaminate water, displace communities, and increase health risks for those least able to cope. Every centimetre of sea level rise is not just a measure of water, but a measure of injustice,” said Kathryn Bowen, Co-Chair of the Commission.

A Defining Policy Moment

With projections suggesting that hundreds of millions of people could be displaced by the end of the century, the Commission aims to inform global policy and strengthen international cooperation.

“Sea-level rise is not just an environmental issue — it is a test of our commitment to people, equity, and future generations,” said Jiho Cha, Member of Parliament, Republic of Korea and Co-Chair of the Commission.

The Commission will contribute to global policy discussions, including international climate platforms, and aims to place human and planetary health at the centre of climate action.

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Society

Why Campuses Need a Happiness Officer Now

Rising student stress and depression highlight the need for a happiness officer on campus to promote wellbeing and prevent mental health crises.

Dr Rajesh K Pillania, Professor, MDI, Gurgaon

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Student Stress Is Rising. Campuses Need a Happiness Officer
Image credit: Adedire Abiodun/Pexels

As student stress and mental health challenges rise, educational institutions must move beyond symbolic gestures and invest in structured wellbeing systems—starting with a dedicated happiness officer on campus.

The rising need for happiness

20 March was celebrated as the International Day of Happiness.

The idea of creating an International Day of Happiness is a great one; it deserves to be taken seriously. However, there is a need to do much more than celebrate happiness for just one day a year. This becomes crucial when one considers the rising problem of stress, depression and suicides among young people around the world, including in India.

The challenges of stress, depression and suicides among students

The education system places significant pressure on students, yet they are rarely taught how they, their parents, teachers or the system itself can help them cope with this pressure—or how to view their efforts in the right perspective.

Because of a lack of awareness, education and capability, stress has become a major issue in students’ lives, often leading to depression and, in some cases, suicides. These challenges have far-reaching negative impacts across different aspects of life, as supported by multiple research studies.

A happiness officer on campus

Since happiness is an essential ingredient for a fulfilling life—and also acts as a preventive factor in dealing with stress—it is important to give it greater importance in educational institutions.

Institutions already place heavy demands on faculty and staff, who may not have the time to actively focus on student wellbeing. In this context, employing a dedicated happiness officer to address health and wellbeing on campus could be a significant step forward.

India’s Campuses Need a Happiness Officer to Tackle Student Stress
Image credit: RDNE Stock Project/Pexels

The happiness officer’s primary responsibility should be to raise awareness about happiness, as well as the dangers of stress and depression, among students, faculty, staff and others on campus. This awareness must be continuous rather than occasional.

The second responsibility should be to organise regular programmes in engaging ways, covering themes such as what happiness is, why it matters, and how it can be cultivated, alongside practical approaches to understanding, avoiding and managing stress.

who is a happiness officer
Illustration/ Credit: S James/EdPublica

The third responsibility should be to track individuals who may be experiencing stress or depression and ensure they receive timely support. Additional responsibilities can be developed depending on the needs and context of each institution.

Avoiding the trap of tokenism

However, awareness initiatives and programmes must be implemented with sincerity and intent. The happiness officer must work in both letter and spirit to create meaningful impact, rather than simply fulfilling formal requirements.

This role should not fall into the common institutional trap where ticking boxes becomes more important than creating real change on the ground.

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