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What does it mean to be genuinely ‘AI literate’?

A AI is transforming teaching, research and student life — enabling personalised learning, accelerating discovery and reshaping how campuses work. Yet beneath that convenience lie serious risks: opaque algorithms, rising plagiarism concerns, deepening inequities and an environmental footprint growing faster than most students or educators realise. Did you know? The IEA reports that global investment in data centres is now set to exceed global spending on oil — a stark reminder that “data is the new oil” is no longer a metaphor but an energy reality. EP lays out what true AI literacy must deliver, what institutions should demand from AI vendors, and how universities can build systems that are sustainable, transparent and accountable. The future of learning will be AI-enabled — but it must also be human centred, equitable and environmentally responsible

Dipin Damodharan

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The rapid ascent of generative artificial intelligence is actively reshaping how we learn, create, and work. It offers a seductive promise of instant knowledge and effortless productivity, a modern-day magic trick available at our fingertips. But like any good magic act, the most important part of the illusion is what the audience doesn’t see. Behind the curtain of flawlessly formed paragraphs and instant data analysis lies a complex and often invisible world of ethical trade-offs and profound physical costs.

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Consider the experience of a college student in 2025. When she asked an AI tutor for help with an essay, she watched in amazement as articulate, well-structured text appeared in seconds, complete with what looked like flawless references. The magic, however, quickly faded. As she began to engage critically with the output—tracing sources and questioning claims—she discovered some references were entirely fictitious, the reasoning was hollow, and the fluent prose was merely a sophisticated imitation of insight.

This student’s discovery is a microcosm of a much larger challenge. Her story moves us beyond the simple wonder of a new technology to the central question of our time: Are we truly prepared for the full consequences of the AI revolution? And in this new age, what does it mean to be genuinely “AI literate”?

Education Publica explores the good, the bad, and the hidden “ugly” of artificial intelligence. Our future depends not on whether if we use this transformative tool, but how we choose to use it—effectively, ethically, and with full awareness of its staggering environmental footprint. The path forward requires moving past the illusion and understanding the true cost of the bargain we are making.

The Promise and The Peril: AI’s Double-Edged Sword

To navigate the new AI landscape responsibly, we must first appreciate its dual nature. AI is neither a pure panacea nor an unmitigated threat; it is a powerful tool with the capacity for both transformative good and significant harm. Understanding this duality is the first step toward harnessing its potential while mitigating its inherent risks.

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The Promise: A Revolution in Access and Efficiency

Proponents rightly point to a suite of transformative capabilities, particularly in making education more efficient and accessible. The key benefits are already becoming clear:

• Personalized Learning and Access: AI-powered tutors can provide students with 24/7 support, offering rapid feedback and accessible explanations. In a 2025 survey of undergraduates at a large US public university, students confirmed they value this immediate assistance. This technology holds particular promise for bringing personalized learning to underserved regions, such as India.

• Administrative Efficiency: For educators, AI can streamline time-consuming tasks like drafting lesson plans, summarizing readings, and assisting with grading. This frees up valuable time for them to focus on mentoring students and engaging in higher-order teaching.

• Research Acceleration: In academic and scientific fields, AI is a powerful catalyst. It can dramatically speed up literature reviews, process vast datasets, and even help generate new hypotheses, significantly boosting research productivity.

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The Peril: The Costs to Integrity, Privacy, and Equity

Alongside its immense promise, AI introduces tangible risks that threaten the core tenets of academic inquiry and social equity. These perils require careful management and proactive policy.

1. Academic Integrity and Critical Thinking: The ease of generating text with AI presents a significant threat to academic integrity. A 2023 educational study warned that this makes it easier than ever for students to submit work they did not write. A more subtle danger is the phenomenon of AI “hallucinations”—false but convincingly presented information—which many students are ill-equipped to identify. Over-reliance on these tools risks weakening the essential skills of critical reasoning and research.

2. Privacy and Surveillance: The use of AI tools in education often involves storing vast amounts of student data on remote servers. Without robust policies and oversight, this sensitive information can be misused or profiled, creating significant privacy and surveillance risks.

3. The Widening Digital Divide: The benefits of AI are not universally accessible. Effective use requires stable internet, modern devices, and reliable electricity. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds who lack these resources risk falling even further behind, deepening existing educational and social inequities.

But these visible debates are a distraction from a far larger, physical cost that is being silently added to a global environmental ledger.

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The Ugly: AI’s Invisible Environmental Footprint

While academia and industry wring their hands over plagiarism and bias, they remain wilfully blind to a far more inconvenient truth: the AI revolution is built on a foundation of staggering energy and water consumption. This isn’t an abstract cost; it’s a physical debt being charged to the planet with every query. This is the engine room of the illusion, an immense, energy-hungry global infrastructure that our collective failure to recognize is a critical flaw in our current understanding of the technology.

A Stark Literacy Gap

In a recent survey of over 30 undergraduate and postgraduate students from India, the UK, and Canada, a startling consensus emerged. These students, from diverse fields including engineering and humanities, were either enthusiastic or casual users of AI. Yet, with the exception of a single master’s scholar, not one of them had any meaningful understanding of AI’s physical and environmental footprint.

Their perception of AI was telling, revealing a profound disconnect between the digital tool and its physical reality.

Students frequently described AI as “free,” “virtual,” “weightless,” or “just code.” The notion that AI has a physical footprint—servers, cooling systems, chips, power draw—was almost entirely absent.

This gap represents a fundamental failure of AI literacy. Current education and discourse overwhelmingly focus on what AI does for us, not what it costs the planet. This blind spot is shaping policy and user behaviour at a moment when the stakes could not be higher.

Quantifying the Cost: From a Single Query to Global Demand

The feeling of “weightlessness” is an illusion. In terms of energy, a simple Google search and a generative AI query are worlds apart. The difference is not incremental; it is exponential.

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The implication of this data is staggering: One long AI query can consume as much electricity as 30–100 Google searches. When multiplied by hundreds of millions of daily queries worldwide, this individual cost scales into a global crisis.

The scale of this shift is not theoretical; it is being meticulously tracked by global energy watchdogs, and their findings are alarming. The International Energy Agency (IEA) provides a chilling macro-level view of this trend:

• 2024 Consumption: Data centres consumed an estimated 415 TWh of electricity, representing 1.5% of global demand.

• 2030 Projection: Driven primarily by the explosive growth of AI, this demand is projected to more than double to 945 TWh.

• A Shocking Equivalence: This projected demand is equal to the entire annual electricity consumption of Japan.

IEA’s recent analysis signals that AI is no longer just a technological tool but an energy-intensive industrial sector. Its electricity demands are now large enough to reshape consumption patterns in advanced economies and rival global investment in oil — a striking sign of the world’s transition into the “Age of Electricity.”

“Analysis in the World Energy Outlook has been highlighting for many years the growing role of electricity in economies around the world. Last year, we said the world was moving quickly into the Age of Electricity – and it’s clear today that it has already arrived,” said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol. “In a break from the trend of the past decade, the increase in electricity consumption is no longer limited to emerging and developing economies. Breakneck demand growth from data centres and AI is helping drive up electricity use in advanced economies, too. Global investment in data centres is expected to reach $580 billion in 2025. Those who say that ‘data is the new oil’ will note that this surpasses the $540 billion being spent on global oil supply – a striking example of the changing nature of modern economies.”

This global problem is coming to a head in nations where the balance between progress and sustainability is most delicate, nowhere more so than in India.

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India at the AI Crossroads

India stands as the global epicenter of AI’s collision between digital ambition and physical limits. Its unique combination of immense economic opportunity, significant digital disparity, and acute environmental stress makes its approach to AI adoption a high-stakes paradox—and a bellwether for the entire developing world.

The Multi-Billion Dollar Promise

The economic incentives for embracing generative AI are enormous. An EY report estimates that by 2029-30, the adoption of GenAI could add US359 billion to US438 billion to India’s GDP, promising to accelerate growth and enhance productivity across the nation.

A Collision Course with Reality

Yet, this multi-billion-dollar vision, articulated by consultancies like EY, is on a direct collision course with the stark physical limitations outlined by energy and environmental analysts. For India, the promise of virtual wealth is tethered to the reality of stressed power grids and scarce water. Unregulated AI adoption threatens to exacerbate several pre-existing, systemic challenges:

• Digital Disparity: Large segments of the population still lack reliable access to the stable internet and modern devices required for AI-driven learning and work.

• Stressed Infrastructure: The nation’s electricity grids are already under significant strain, and the massive energy demands of AI data centres could push them to their limits.

• Environmental Scarcity: Many regions across India face severe water scarcity, a problem that would be intensified by the vast water requirements for cooling data centres.

• Budgetary Constraints: Public educational institutions operate on tight budgets, making it difficult to fund the necessary technological infrastructure and training for students and educators.

For India, blindly pursuing AI adoption is not a viable path. A deliberate, responsible, and human-centered framework is not just an option; it is an absolute necessity.

Redefining AI Literacy for a Sustainable Future

The challenges posed by AI, while significant, are not insurmountable. Addressing them requires a new, more comprehensive definition of AI literacy—one that is human-centered, ethically grounded, and environmentally accountable. The goal is not to restrict AI, but to build a foundation of trust and sustainability for its responsible integration into society. This requires a coordinated effort from educational institutions, organizations, and policymakers. According to UNESCO, AI literacy involves equipping learners and educators with a human-centred mindset, ethical awareness, conceptual understanding, and practical skills to use AI responsibly, understand its implications, and adapt as AI technologies evolve.

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Building on UNESCO’s foundation, Education Publica proposes a broader, more future-ready definition: AI literacy is the integrated set of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and ethical principles that enable individuals to understand what AI is and how it works; use AI tools effectively and safely; critically interpret and question AI outputs; recognise the societal, ethical, economic, and environmental impacts of AI systems; and make informed, responsible choices about when, why, and how to engage with AI.

For Educational Institutions and Organizations:

A proactive, principles-based approach is essential for navigating the complexities of AI integration. The following strategies provide a roadmap for responsible adoption:

1. Demand Vendor Transparency: Insist that AI providers not only disclose per-query energy data, carbon metrics, and water consumption but also provide “explainable AI” algorithms, helping users understand the “why” behind an output, not just the “what.”

2. Mandate Comprehensive AI Literacy: Implement formal courses covering not just AI use, but also its limitations, including inherent bias, hallucination risks, data privacy ethics, and its full environmental impact.

3. Establish Clear Ethical Guidelines: Develop and enforce robust academic integrity policies that explicitly define where AI is allowed (e.g., for brainstorming), allowed with declaration (e.g., for drafting assistance), or prohibited (e.g., in exams).

4. Protect Equity: Ensure students without reliable access to technology are not disadvantaged by maintaining viable offline alternatives for key academic activities and assessments.

5. Foster a Culture of Innovation and Inquiry: Beyond just mandating courses, institutions must build a culture that encourages experimentation and critical feedback loops, as recommended by industry leaders at EY. This involves creating cross-functional teams to continually assess AI’s impact on learning and well-being.

6. Invest in Sustainable Infrastructure: Prioritize renewable-powered cloud providers and perform continuous audits of energy and water consumption related to AI workloads.

For Policymakers:

The role of government is crucial in shaping a healthy AI ecosystem. Policymakers must work to create a global consensus on AI regulation, learning from successful international models while crafting domestic policies that support both innovation and responsible, human-centered use.

These steps are not about stifling innovation. They are about building the necessary foundation of trust and sustainability for AI’s successful and long-term integration into our society.

The EP View: Embracing AI with Eyes Wide Open

Artificial intelligence is neither the utopian solution some have promised nor the existential threat others have feared. It is a powerful tool—and like any tool, its ultimate value will be determined by the wisdom and foresight of those who wield it. The magic is compelling, but we can no longer afford to be mystified by the illusion. True literacy means looking behind the curtain and understanding the machinery and the costs.

The future of learning and work will undoubtedly be AI-enabled. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that this future is also human-centered, equitable, and environmentally conscious. To do so, we must move forward with our eyes wide open, ready to ask the hard questions and build a world where technological progress serves human values and planetary health.

Dipin Damodharan is an award-winning journalist, editor and media entrepreneur, and Co-founder and Editor-in-Chief of EdPublica, an independent global media platform covering education, science, research, innovation, climate and public policy. With more than a decade of experience in journalism, he has worked across print, digital and multimedia media. His reporting explores science, climate, sustainability and the social impact of research and innovation. His work has been recognised by the Solutions Journalism Network and other journalism organisations.

Society

Digital Detox: Why Taking a Break From Screens Matters

A digital detox can help children and adults reduce screen dependence, reconnect with nature and relationships, and create space for reflection and creativity.

Anoop Krishnan H

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Image credit: Darina Belonogova/Pexels

A digital holiday can offer a practical pause from screens and constant connectivity. From children to working professionals, taking regular time offline can help rebuild attention, creativity, relationships and a healthier balance with technology. A digital detox can help children and adults reduce screen dependence, reconnect with nature and relationships, and create space for reflection and creativity.

Imagine a day without digital devices. Those of us who grew up in the 1990s remember the shift firsthand — from writing letters with ink pens to typing messages on social media and making video calls. Artificial intelligence and rapid technological change now touch nearly every part of daily life, and an internet-first era has drawn humanity into a globally connected network. We ask AI chatbots for advice on everything from recipes to relationships. Yet the love of books and literature hasn’t disappeared — it has simply changed form. Audiobook platforms have grown fast, gaining listeners who once preferred print. At the same time, attention spans are shrinking as short-form video reshapes how we consume information. In an era built around likes, shares and instant search results, there is a real case for finding a better balance between online and offline living.

Children under 16 in particular need more exposure to offline living, and less dependence on screens. Time away from devices helps children build social skills, sharpen critical thinking, and learn to approach problems from multiple angles — all of which support holistic personal development.

Of course, context matters. During the Covid-19 pandemic, online education became the only option once lockdowns were imposed, and digital learning kept formal education running when nothing else could. But in a post-pandemic world, governments are increasingly reconsidering how much unsupervised screen time is appropriate for children. China’s “minor mode” framework restricts screen time by age; the United Kingdom has moved to ban social media for under-16s from 2027; and New Zealand has introduced legislation to do the same. In India, Karnataka announced in its 2026 state budget that it would ban social media use for under-16s, and Goa’s government has said it is studying a similar move. The details of enforcement remain unsettled in most of these cases, but the direction of the debate is clear: policymakers across the world are actively discussing how to limit children’s social media access. A middle path — rather than an outright ban — is worth considering.

Digital Detox Awareness

Schools are well placed to lead here. A monthly digital detox awareness session, run by trained resource persons and built around hands-on, creative activities, could help draw out children’s imagination while gently reducing screen dependence. Students could keep a diary of their experience — what they noticed, what they missed, what surprised them — during each digital detox day. Over time, schools could even form “digital holiday clubs” to mark one day a month as a shared offline day. Practised consistently through school life, this could help a generation grow into adults with more clarity of thought and purpose — provided they use that offline time for something creative and productive, rather than simply waiting it out.

In practice, a life entirely without the internet isn’t realistic for most of us. But digital minimalism is achievable, and a single digital holiday once a month is a reasonable place to start. Switching off completely for one day can open space for new ideas and reconnect us with the natural world.

That day can also be a chance for self-reflection — a deliberate pause to look inward. It can be used to build a skill: writing, cooking, dancing, whatever draws you. It’s an opportunity for offline meetups with friends and family, for cycling a short distance, for reading a book purely because you chose it, not because an algorithm suggested it. A digital holiday can help you rediscover what actually matters to you and reset your priorities. It also strengthens real relationships — the kind built through presence, not notifications — and leaves room for practices like yoga and meditation that support genuine mental peace.

Digital Detox Is Harder for Working Professionals

For working professionals, this is harder. Most of us are running behind deadlines, structuring our days around work and family obligations already. Stepping outside that loop, even for a day, takes real intention. But the practice of digital detox is worth the friction — it teaches delayed gratification and reintroduces us to the quieter pleasures of offline living.

None of this is a case against technology. Instant messaging and the broader digital revolution have made services faster and more accessible than ever, and that’s worth acknowledging. But speed and convenience come with a cost if we let them: information overload, and an over-reliance on AI chatbots for decisions that deserve real human judgement. Blindly following AI-generated advice isn’t something to encourage. The internet is a necessity now — but that makes the case for balance stronger, not weaker.

Reconnect with nature. Spend real time with the people who matter to you. And once in a while, take the leap: switch off for a day, and notice the difference it makes.

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What is AGI? AI’s Next Era: When Machines Start Taking on the Work

As AI systems move from answering prompts to handling complex, multi-step tasks, the boundary between today’s AI agents and the broader idea of artificial general intelligence is becoming harder to ignore. This article examines what AGI means, how autonomous AI is changing knowledge work, and what the shift could mean for India.

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A programmer works at a desk with multiple screens displaying computer code.
A programmer works with code across multiple screens, reflecting the growing role of AI in software development and autonomous coding. Representational image. Image credit: Mikhail Nilov/Pexels

The next phase of artificial intelligence is taking shape inside the companies building it. AI agents are being trained to handle hours-long assignments, while researchers are using AI to write code, investigate technical problems and help develop the next generation of AI systems. AGI generally refers to an AI system capable of learning, reasoning and applying knowledge across a broad range of tasks, rather than being limited to a narrow set of functions.

There is no universally accepted definition or test for AGI, so there is still no agreed threshold for declaring that a system has reached it. But many jobs gradually moving into automation, pushing thousands into uncertainty might help us understand the whole story.

OpenAI says more than 70% of sampled Codex users in May 2026 asked the coding agent to handle tasks estimated to take more than an hour. About a quarter made at least one request estimated at more than eight hours. Anthropic reported in August that Claude was leading 26% of the AI research and development work covered by its internal measurement system, compared with less than 1% in February. Both figures come from the companies themselves and are not measures of the wider economy.

For most people, AI is still something they consult. Ask a question, get an answer. Give it a document, get a summary. Ask for code, get code. That model is changing. The newer systems can take an assignment, break it into steps, use software and other tools, check their progress and continue working with less human intervention.

What happens when AI can handle much more of the work itself? That question sits at the heart of the debate over artificial general intelligence, or AGI.

From Prompts to Assignments

A programmer can ask AI to write a function. An agent can be given a larger job: inspect an existing project, build a feature, run tests, find problems and make corrections. The AI is handling a sequence of tasks rather than producing one answer. That distinction could eventually change how many kinds of knowledge work are organised.

AGI: Two people count stacks of cash at a table with digital code and data displayed in the background.
People handle cash at a counting table as digital code and data appear on a projected screen, illustrating the changing relationship between technology, automation and work. Representational image. Image credit: Tima Miroshnichenko/Pexels

AI is Helping Build AI

Frontier AI companies are already making the change clear. OpenAI says it has developed an “automated research intern” capable of performing defined research tasks under human direction. The company says it is working towards an automated AI researcher by March 2028.

Anthropic’s August figures point in the same direction. The company says Claude is increasingly being used in its own AI research and development, although it remains dependent on human researchers and is not fully autonomous in the measured work. AI is helping researchers build better AI.

So, When does AGI Arrive?

Researchers disagree about the capabilities AGI should demonstrate, and no accepted test exists. Google DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis said in May that he expected AGI could arrive within roughly four years, possibly sooner. If an AI can research a subject, analyse data, write software, use several digital tools and complete a complex assignment, how much of that work still needs to be done by a person? Work will change before we have an answer.

A researcher could delegate a literature review and data analysis. A programmer could hand over an entire software feature. Some tasks may disappear from jobs. Others may become faster. New work will emerge around supervising, testing and governing AI systems.

India is Preparing for the Shift

India is investing heavily in the infrastructure needed for the next phase of AI. The IndiaAI Mission has an approved outlay of ₹10,371.92 crore over five years. The government said in August 2026 that more than 45,000 GPUs had been onboarded through its shared computing programme and 237 projects had accessed subsidised capacity. Twenty indigenous foundation-model proposals had also been selected from 506 applications.

AI systems need to work across Indian languages and very different economic and institutional settings. OpenAI announced an India initiative with Tata Group in February covering areas including AI infrastructure and local capability. Google DeepMind has partnered with Indian institutions on applications in science, education, agriculture and energy.

It becomes harder when an AI system spends hours researching, writing code, analysing information and making decisions before presenting a result. The human role will increasingly involve setting the objective, judging evidence and deciding when a system should be trusted. AGI remains undefined, and nobody can put a reliable date on its arrival. But the shift towards more autonomous AI is already visible.

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India’s AI Moment Rests on More Than Code

India has assembled many of the building blocks of an AI economy: capital, talent, research and startups. But its next phase will depend as much on chips, electricity, skills and policy as on software, exposing the gap between rapid growth and the systems needed to sustain it.

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India’s AI ambitions are now reflected in global rankings, investment flows and Bengaluru’s emergence as a lead ing innovation hub. Yet the numbers reveal only part of the story. Much of the hardware is imported, demand for skilled workers continues to outpace supply, and the infrastructure pow ering AI faces growing pressure. The country’s next challenge is no longer adopting AI, but building the industrial and social foundations that can sus tain its growth.

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The Hardware Production Gap

The IndiaAI Mission has deployed over 38,000 GPUs and TPUs across domestic data centres. Registered startups and researchers can access this compute at ₹115–150 per GPU hour, roughly 42% cheaper than com mercial cloud rates. The governmentplans to scale this to 100,000 GPUs by December 2026. Not one of these chips is made in India. Every GPU in that stack is sourced from the same export controls that cut China off from this hardware exist as legal authority that could, under different political conditions, apply to India too.

A US India trade framework announced in February this year includes language protecting India’s chip access, but it depends on ongoing political align ment. Budget 2026–27 allocated ₹8,000 crore to the semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem programme, the largest single-year outlay since the mission launched, with a separate ₹1,000 crore for India Semiconductor Mission 2.0. The Tata PSMC fabrication plant at Dholera is targeting trial production by late 2026. But these plants are not building AI grade chips.

India’s Sovereign AI

At the IndiaAI Impact Summit 2026, three models were introduced: Sarvam AI, BharatGen, Gnani.ai. BharatGen has assembled over 15,000 hours of annotated voice data across 22 Indian languages. Sarvam’s Vision model, a 3-billion-parameter doc ument intelligence system, scored 84.3% on a standard OCR benchmark, outperforming Google Gemini 3 Pro (80.2%) and OpenAI’s GPT 5.2 (69.8%). Bhashini-v2, launched in early 2026, offers AI-powered translation across all 22 scheduled Indian languages and serves 140 million users on the MyGov platform. India is constructing the language of sovereignty. Indigenous models, na tional compute, and mission branding. But the engine underneath runs on hardware it cannot make and may not always be allowed to import.

The Jobless Economic Growth

India’s IT sector has long been the engine of middle-class stability, con tributing about 7.3% to GDP, employing over 5.8 million people directly, and creating the white-collar jobs that drove spending across housing, edu cation, and retail. That engine is under pressure from the same technology India is racing to lead. Particularly for mid-level coding, BPO, and testing roles that form the bulk of jobs in India. TCS announced 12,000 layoffs in 2025; Infosys and Wipro followed. Across the sector, jobs have been cut in what companies call strategic realignment.

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NITI Aayog’s October 2025 report projected that in a worst-case sce nario headcount could fall to 6 million by 2031. In April 2026, global equity re search firm Bernstein wrote an open letter to Prime Minister Modi warning that India’s 10 to 15 million IT services, GCC, and BPO workforce faces direct exposure to AI-driven automation. Sonal Varma, chief economist for India and Asia ex-Japan at Nomura, said: “Entry-level routine jobs are being displaced, and mid-level jobs are transforming. India needs to create about 8 million jobs annually.’’

Skill Set for the Emerging Sector

AI DevOps engineers, data centre operators, ethical AI auditors are the major emerging roles. But they require skill sets entirely different from the mass-hiring model that built the IT sector. An IIM-Ahmedabad study found that 68% of white-collar work ers fear automation within five years; 55% have adopted AI tools, but only 48% have received any training. India produces over 1.5 million engineering graduates annually but ranks 18th globally in skills alignment and 73rd in human capital in terms of AI. Graduate volume is not the same as workforce depth.

In that way adoption without re skilling becomes exposure to disrup tion dressed up as progress. NASSCOM projects that the broader AI push could generate 750,000 jobs and add $500 billion in economic value by 2030. Whether they reach the workers being displaced depends on whether India can close the gap between how many people it trains and how well it trains them. It is a gap that every major index in 2026 has documented and none has resolved.

The Climate Bill

There is a cost to India’s AI ambitions that doesn’t appear in invest ment announcements is the physical climate risk accumulating around the infrastructure meant to run it all. A report by climate risk consul tancy assessed 2,595 planned data centres worldwide, examining risks of direct physical damage from climate hazards, operational disruption from extreme heat.

For India, the country ranks 11th globally in physical climate risk to planned data centre infrastruc ture. The more concerning finding is where that risk concentrates. Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Karnataka, three of India’s major data centre corridors are among the top 30 regions globally for projected operational disruption from extreme heat. South Asia as a whole has one of the highest pro portions of high-risk planned facil ities globally, with risk projected to increase sharply toward the end of the century.

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Data centres require large-scale cooling to keep servers running. Rising ambient temperatures increase cooling costs, strain electricity grids, and raise the probability of outag es. Countries including India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and Spain already record some of the highest projected operational disruption risks from heat globally, with more than 75% of anal ysed facilities classified as high risk. Productivity losses become ten times higher with indirect risks like power outages, water shortages, infrastructure failures.

India’s data centre ecosystem is concentrated in heat-exposed regions with al ready-strained urban infrastructure. Future vulnerability can be reduced by adequate planning during site selection, engineering standards, and resilience investment. Microsoft has committed $17.5 billion to Indian data centre expansion. Google is building a hub in Andhra Pradesh with a $15 billion commitment. Amazon has pledged $48 billion through 2030. At this stage, planning choices that are made now determine the risk profile for the next three decades. India has no mandatory national standard governing data centre siting or construction for climate resilience. This gap is no longer a future problem.

Where the Momentum Meets Reality

The 190% growth in Bengaluru’s ecosystem, the indigenous models outperforming global benchmarks, the public compute infrastructure being built at scale are all substantiated achievements. The QS Index gives In dia a perfect score of 100 on economic capacity and ranks it fifth globally in the “Future of Work” category. “The IndiaAI Mission represents substan tive, measurable progress, not merely a policy optics exercise.”

But the gaps are structural. The top ten Indian cities account for nearly half of all AI users while representing less than 10% of the population. The choices being made about who controls the technology, who gets the jobs, who bears the risks will deter mine whether this moment becomes something real or just another set of promises that get quietly shelved. What happens in policy rooms and planning offices will have to answer it.

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