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The Dragon and the Elephant Dance for a Cleaner World

New reports from the IEA and Ember show that China and India are leading a global turning point — where renewables now outpace fossil fuels.

Dipin Damodharan

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Symbolic representation of China’s dragon and India’s elephant, formed from solar panels and wind turbines, dancing above a lightly mapped Asia and global grid, illustrating their leadership in the renewable energy revolution/EdPublica

In late September, EdPublica reported an inspirational story from Perinjanam, a quiet coastal village in the South Indian state Kerala, where rooftops gleam with solar panels and homes have turned into micro power plants. It was a story of how ordinary citizens, through community effort and government support, took part in a just energy transition.

That local story, seemingly small, was in fact a mirror of a far bigger movement unfolding worldwide. Now, two major global reports–one from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and another from the independent think tank Ember–confirm that the world is entering a decisive new phase in its energy transformation. Together, their findings show that 2025 is shaping up to be the turning point year: the moment when renewables not only surpassed coal but began meeting all new global electricity demand. The year will likely be remembered as the moment when the global energy transition stopped being a promise and became a measurable reality — led by the two Asian giants, China and India.

The Global Picture: IEA’s Big Forecast

‘The IEA’s Renewables 2025’ report, released on October 7, paints an extraordinary picture of growth and possibility. Despite global headwinds — including high interest rates, supply chain bottlenecks, and policy shifts — renewable energy capacity is projected to more than double by 2030, adding 4,600 gigawatts (GW) of new renewable power.

To grasp that number: it’s equivalent to building the entire current electricity generation capacity of China, the European Union, and Japan combined.

At the centre of this boom is solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, which will account for around 80% of the total growth. The IEA calls solar “the backbone of the energy transition,” driven by falling costs, faster permitting processes, and widespread adoption across emerging economies. Wind, hydropower, bioenergy, and geothermal follow closely behind, expanding capacity even as global systems adapt to higher shares of variable power.

“The growth in global renewable capacity in the coming years will be dominated by solar PV – but with wind, hydropower, bioenergy and geothermal all contributing, too,” said Fatih Birol, Executive Director of the IEA. “As renewables’ role in electricity systems rises in many countries, policymakers need to play close attention to supply chain security and grid integration challenges.”

The IEA forecasts particularly rapid progress in emerging markets. India is set to become the second-largest renewables growth market in the world, after China, reaching its ambitious 2030 targets comfortably. The report highlights new policy instruments — such as auction programs and rooftop solar incentives — that are spurring confidence across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

In India, the expansion of corporate power purchase agreements, utility contracts, and merchant renewable plants is also driving a quiet revolution, accounting for nearly 30% of global renewable capacity expansion to 2030.

At the same time, challenges remain. The IEA points to a worrying concentration of solar PV manufacturing in China, where over 90% of supply chain capacity for key components like polysilicon and rare earth materials is expected to remain by 2030.

Grid integration is another bottleneck. As solar and wind grow, many countries are already facing curtailments — when renewable power cannot be fed into the grid due to overload or mismatch in demand. The IEA stresses the need for urgent investment in transmission infrastructure, storage technologies, and flexible generation to prevent this momentum from being wasted.

Evidence on the Ground

If the IEA’s report is a map of where we’re going, Ember’s Mid-Year Global Electricity Review 2025 shows where we are right now — and the signs are unmistakable.

Ember’s data, covering the first half of 2025, reveals that solar and wind met all of the world’s rising electricity demand — and even caused a slight decline in fossil fuel generation. It’s a first in recorded history.

“We are seeing the first signs of a crucial turning point,” said Małgorzata Wiatros-Motyka, Senior Electricity Analyst at Ember. “Solar and wind are now growing fast enough to meet the world’s growing appetite for electricity. This marks the beginning of a shift where clean power is keeping pace with demand growth.”

Global electricity demand rose by 2.6% in early 2025, adding about 369 terawatt-hours (TWh) compared with the same period last year. Solar alone met 83% of that rise, thanks to record generation growth of 306 TWh, a year-on-year increase of 31%. Wind contributed another 97 TWh, leading to a net decline in both coal and gas generation.

Coal generation fell 0.6% (-31 TWh) and gas 0.2% (-6 TWh), marking a combined fossil decline of 0.3% (-27 TWh). As a result, global power sector emissions fell by 0.2%, even as demand continued to grow.

Most significantly, for the first time ever, renewables generated more power than coal. Renewables supplied 5,072 TWh, overtaking coal’s 4,896 TWh — a symbolic but historic milestone.

“Solar and wind are no longer marginal technologies — they are driving the global power system forward,” said Sonia Dunlop, CEO of the Global Solar Council. “The fact that renewables have overtaken coal for the first time marks a historic shift.”

China and India Lead the Way

The two reports together highlight that the epicenter of the clean energy shift is now in Asia.

According to Ember, China’s fossil generation fell by 2% (-58.7 TWh) in the first half of 2025, as clean power growth outpaced rising electricity demand. Solar generation jumped 43% (+168 TWh), and wind grew 16% (+79 TWh), together helping cut the country’s power sector emissions by 1.7% (-47 MtCO₂).

Meanwhile, India’s fossil fuel decline was even steeper in relative terms. Solar and wind generation grew at record pace — solar by 25% (+17 TWh) and wind by 29% (+11 TWh) — while electricity demand rose only 1.3%, far slower than in 2024. The result: coal use dropped 3.1% (-22 TWh) and gas by 34% (-7 TWh), leading to an estimated 3.6% fall in power sector emissions.

For both countries, these numbers align closely with the IEA’s projections. Together, China and India are now the primary engines of renewable capacity growth, demonstrating how large emerging economies can pivot toward clean energy while maintaining development momentum.

Setbacks Elsewhere

Yet progress is uneven. In the United States and European Union, fossil generation actually rose in early 2025.

In the U.S., a 3.6% rise in demand outpaced clean power additions, leading to a 17% increase in coal generation (+51 TWh), though gas use fell slightly. The EU also saw higher gas and coal use due to weaker wind and hydro output.

The IEA attributes part of this slowdown to policy uncertainty, especially in the U.S., where an early phase-out of federal tax incentives has reduced renewable growth expectations by almost 50% compared to last year’s forecast. Europe’s problem is different — a mature but strained grid facing seasonal fluctuations and low wind output.

10. Indias clean electricity growth drove down fossil generation in H1 2025@2x

These regional discrepancies underscore the IEA’s core message: achieving a clean power future isn’t just about building more solar farms, but about building smarter systems — integrated, flexible, and resilient.

Beyond Power

Both reports agree that while renewables are transforming electricity, their impact on transport and heating remains limited.

In transport, the IEA projects renewables’ share to rise modestly from 4% today to 6% in 2030, mostly through electric vehicles and biofuels. In heating, renewables are set to grow from 14% to 18% of global energy use over the same period.

These slower-moving sectors will define the next frontier of decarbonization — one where electrification, hydrogen, and new thermal storage technologies must play a greater role.

The Big Picture

Put together, the IEA’s forecasts and Ember’s real-world data signal that the clean energy transition has passed the point of no return.

Solar and wind are no longer simply catching up — they are now shaping global power dynamics. Their continued expansion is not only meeting new demand but beginning to displace fossil fuels outright.

“As costs of technologies continue to fall, now is the perfect moment to embrace the economic, social and health benefits that come with increased solar, wind and batteries,” said Ember’s Wiatros-Motyka.

Yet both agencies caution: to sustain this momentum, governments must expand grid capacity, diversify supply chains, and improve energy storage systems. Without these, the 2025 breakthrough could become a bottleneck.

3. Global solar installations were 64 higher in the first half of 2025 than in the same time last year@2x

A Symbol and a Signal

In a way, the world in 2025 looks a lot like Perinjanam did a few years ago — a place where optimism met obstacles, but the light won. What was once a village-scale transition is now a planetary transformation, proving that even small local models can foreshadow global change.

From Kerala’s rooftops to China’s vast solar parks, from India’s wind corridors to Africa’s mini-grids, the direction is unmistakable: the sun and wind are powering the next phase of human progress.

If 2024 was the year of warnings, 2025 is the year of evidence. The global energy system is finally tilting toward sustainability — not someday, but today.

Dipin is the Co-founder and Editor-in-Chief of EdPublica. A journalist and editor with over 15 years of experience leading and co-founding both print and digital media outlets, he has written extensively on education, politics, and culture. His work has appeared in global publications such as The Huffington Post, The Himalayan Times, DailyO, Education Insider, and others.

Earth

Vantara: Inside a Billionaire-Backed Bid to Build a Global Wildlife University

The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex.

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Anant Ambani at the foundation ceremony of Vantara University in Jamnagar, India, April 2026. Image credit: Vantara.

A new private university focused on wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences is being positioned as an ambitious attempt to reshape how the world trains the next generation of conservation professionals—backed by one of Asia’s most influential business families.

The institution, Vantara University, has been launched in western India by a wildlife initiative founded by Anant Ambani, part of the Reliance group. Framed as an integrated academic ecosystem, the project reflects a growing trend where private capital is stepping into areas traditionally led by public institutions and global nonprofits.

Vantara officially describes the university as the “world’s first integrated global university” dedicated to wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences. While the scale and integration may be distinctive, similar disciplines are already taught across universities worldwide, often through specialised schools, research centres, and veterinary colleges.

The claim, therefore, rests less on the existence of such education and more on the attempt to consolidate it within a single, purpose-built institutional framework.

A Shift Toward Education-Led Conservation

The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex. Climate change, habitat fragmentation, and the spread of zoonotic diseases are reshaping ecosystems and exposing the limits of traditional conservation models.

There is a growing recognition that protecting biodiversity will require not just field interventions, but a systemic expansion of expertise—from wildlife veterinarians and epidemiologists to policy specialists and conservation planners.

Vantara University aims to respond to this gap by bringing together disciplines such as wildlife medicine, genetics, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, and conservation policy under one academic structure.

Blending Science, Scale, and Philosophy

The university’s vision combines scientific training with a philosophical framing rooted in compassion and stewardship. Its design draws inspiration from historical centres of learning, while positioning itself as a modern, purpose-led institution.

“The future of conservation will depend on how we prepare minds and institutions to serve life with compassion, knowledge, and skill,” Anant Ambani said in a statement.

“Vantara University is shaped by a deeply personal journey of witnessing animals in distress and recognising the need for greater capability in their care… the university seeks to nurture a new generation committed to protecting every life.”

Global Ambitions, Local Foundations

Although based in India, the project is clearly aimed at a global audience.

The university plans to offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and specialised programmes, supported by research infrastructure and international collaborations. It also emphasises action-oriented learning, linking academic work with real-world conservation practices.

This approach reflects a broader shift in higher education, where institutions are increasingly expected to produce not just knowledge, but deployable expertise.

The Rise of Private Influence in Conservation

The initiative also highlights a larger structural shift: the growing role of private capital in shaping conservation agendas.

Historically, conservation has been driven by governments, multilateral agencies, and non-profit organisations. However, large-scale funding gaps and the urgency of environmental crises are opening the door for philanthropic and corporate actors to play a more prominent role.

This raises both opportunities and questions.

Private initiatives can accelerate innovation and investment, but they also bring concerns around governance, accountability, and long-term alignment with public interest.

Questions of Access and Impact

As with many specialised institutions, accessibility will be a critical test.

While the university has announced scholarships aimed at supporting students from diverse backgrounds, the broader question remains: can such models scale inclusively, particularly for communities most directly affected by environmental change?

The effectiveness of the initiative will also depend on its ability to influence policy, contribute to global research, and produce professionals equipped to address complex ecological challenges.

A Changing Conservation Landscape

The launch of Vantara University signals a deeper transition in how conservation is being imagined.

Increasingly, the field is moving beyond isolated interventions toward integrated systems that connect science, education, and practice. In this context, universities are not just centres of learning—they are becoming critical infrastructure in the fight to preserve biodiversity.

Whether this particular model succeeds will depend on execution, collaboration, and its ability to move beyond vision into measurable impact.

But its emergence underscores a central reality:

The future of conservation may depend as much on classrooms and laboratories as it does on forests and protected areas.

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Health

Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels

A new Lancet Commission will examine how rising sea levels impact health, equity, and global systems, with experts calling it an urgent crisis.

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Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels
Image credit: Andres Ayala s/Unsplash

A new global commission led by The Lancet has been launched to examine the growing health and justice impacts of sea-level rise, as climate change accelerates risks for millions living in coastal and low-lying regions.

The Lancet Commission on Sea-Level Rise, Health and Justice, announced on April 8, brings together 26 international experts to assess how rising seas are reshaping public health, livelihoods, and global equity.

A Growing Crisis Beyond Climate

Sea-level rise, driven by anthropogenic climate change, is already contributing to displacement, food and water insecurity, and changing patterns of infectious diseases. The Commission marks the first major effort to analyse these intersecting risks through a health-focused lens.

“This commission comes at exactly the right time… sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat. It is already disrupting lives, health and wellbeing, especially for the most vulnerable,” said Christiana Figueres, Co-Chair of the Commission and a former UN climate chief.

Experts warn that the impacts extend far beyond environmental damage, affecting the social and economic fabric of vulnerable communities.

“Rising seas don’t just threaten coastlines, they threaten lives, livelihoods, and basic fairness. This is not only a climate problem. It is a health crisis, a justice crisis, and an urgent call for collective action,” said Jemilah Mahmood, Commissioner, Lancet Commission, and Executive Director of the Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Malaysia.

An Urgent Global Health Challenge

The Commission is supported by the WHO Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment and Health and aims to generate evidence-based policy recommendations to strengthen adaptation, resilience, and equitable responses.

Dr Sandro Demaio, Director of WHO ACE, emphasised the immediacy of the crisis.

“Sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat — it is a public health emergency unfolding now. Through this WHO supported global Commission, we are clear: inaction is not neutral, it is a choice that puts lives and justice at risk.”

Human Impacts at the Core

The Commission also highlights the disproportionate burden on vulnerable populations, particularly in coastal and low-income regions.

“Rising sea levels are more than an environmental issue; they quietly contaminate water, displace communities, and increase health risks for those least able to cope. Every centimetre of sea level rise is not just a measure of water, but a measure of injustice,” said Kathryn Bowen, Co-Chair of the Commission.

A Defining Policy Moment

With projections suggesting that hundreds of millions of people could be displaced by the end of the century, the Commission aims to inform global policy and strengthen international cooperation.

“Sea-level rise is not just an environmental issue — it is a test of our commitment to people, equity, and future generations,” said Jiho Cha, Member of Parliament, Republic of Korea and Co-Chair of the Commission.

The Commission will contribute to global policy discussions, including international climate platforms, and aims to place human and planetary health at the centre of climate action.

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Society

Why Campuses Need a Happiness Officer Now

Rising student stress and depression highlight the need for a happiness officer on campus to promote wellbeing and prevent mental health crises.

Dr Rajesh K Pillania, Professor, MDI, Gurgaon

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Student Stress Is Rising. Campuses Need a Happiness Officer
Image credit: Adedire Abiodun/Pexels

As student stress and mental health challenges rise, educational institutions must move beyond symbolic gestures and invest in structured wellbeing systems—starting with a dedicated happiness officer on campus.

The rising need for happiness

20 March was celebrated as the International Day of Happiness.

The idea of creating an International Day of Happiness is a great one; it deserves to be taken seriously. However, there is a need to do much more than celebrate happiness for just one day a year. This becomes crucial when one considers the rising problem of stress, depression and suicides among young people around the world, including in India.

The challenges of stress, depression and suicides among students

The education system places significant pressure on students, yet they are rarely taught how they, their parents, teachers or the system itself can help them cope with this pressure—or how to view their efforts in the right perspective.

Because of a lack of awareness, education and capability, stress has become a major issue in students’ lives, often leading to depression and, in some cases, suicides. These challenges have far-reaching negative impacts across different aspects of life, as supported by multiple research studies.

A happiness officer on campus

Since happiness is an essential ingredient for a fulfilling life—and also acts as a preventive factor in dealing with stress—it is important to give it greater importance in educational institutions.

Institutions already place heavy demands on faculty and staff, who may not have the time to actively focus on student wellbeing. In this context, employing a dedicated happiness officer to address health and wellbeing on campus could be a significant step forward.

India’s Campuses Need a Happiness Officer to Tackle Student Stress
Image credit: RDNE Stock Project/Pexels

The happiness officer’s primary responsibility should be to raise awareness about happiness, as well as the dangers of stress and depression, among students, faculty, staff and others on campus. This awareness must be continuous rather than occasional.

The second responsibility should be to organise regular programmes in engaging ways, covering themes such as what happiness is, why it matters, and how it can be cultivated, alongside practical approaches to understanding, avoiding and managing stress.

who is a happiness officer
Illustration/ Credit: S James/EdPublica

The third responsibility should be to track individuals who may be experiencing stress or depression and ensure they receive timely support. Additional responsibilities can be developed depending on the needs and context of each institution.

Avoiding the trap of tokenism

However, awareness initiatives and programmes must be implemented with sincerity and intent. The happiness officer must work in both letter and spirit to create meaningful impact, rather than simply fulfilling formal requirements.

This role should not fall into the common institutional trap where ticking boxes becomes more important than creating real change on the ground.

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