Last month, a friend sent me a social media card celebrating a science researcher she knows personally. The card was crisp, congratulatory, and emphatic: the researcher had been included in the “Top 2% Stanford Scientists” list. My friend went a step further. In a lecture soon after, she cited the inclusion as proof that the researcher had made it to a prestigious list of Stanford University—a global stamp of academic excellence.

There was no doubt about the researcher’s merit. She is a solid scientist, respected in her field. But the framing stayed with me. Over the next few weeks, I began noticing similar announcements everywhere—university press releases, institutional websites, LinkedIn posts, WhatsApp forwards. The pattern was strikingly uniform: “Our faculty member named in Stanford University’s Top 2% Scientists list.” The implication was clear. Stanford had selected. Stanford had ranked. Stanford had endorsed.

But had it?

That question, according to Achal Agrawal of India Research Watch, is precisely where Indian media reporting has fallen short. “There is no official confirmation that Stanford University endorses this list,” he said while speaking at a recent science conference conducted by SJAI in Ahmedabad, India. “Yet the list is routinely presented as a Stanford ranking, without even basic verification.”

What the List Actually Is

The list commonly referred to as the “Stanford list of top 2% scientists” is based on a large-scale citation analysis developed by a group of researchers led by Professor John P. A. Ioannidis, who is affiliated with Stanford University. It draws on data from Scopus, Elsevier’s citation database, and ranks researchers using a composite bibliometric indicator that combines citations, h-index, co-authorship patterns, and related metrics.

Importantly, this is not an award, nor a peer-reviewed selection process. It is an algorithmic dataset. According to standardized science-wide citation databases created by Ioannidis and collaborators at Stanford, the “Top 2%” list compiles researchers based on composite citation metrics from Scopus — identifying highly cited authors within each field — but it is not a ceremonial award or formal Stanford ranking.

Crucially—and almost never mentioned in celebratory coverage—the dataset itself carries explicit caveats. “The list itself says that it should not be used for evaluation,” Experts pointed out. “That warning is written in the methodology section of the paper.”

What Is Rarely Reported

One of the most striking omissions in media coverage is that the dataset includes a separate column for retractions.

“There is an explicit column for retractions,” Agrawal noted. “There are people in the list with over 100 retractions. In some cases, nearly half of the people being celebrated by universities have retracted papers.”

Despite this, universities across India have published newspaper advertisements highlighting how many faculty members they have in the “top 2% list,” without acknowledging the list’s internal flags or limitations.

This selective storytelling, Agrawal argued, reflects a broader failure of journalistic scrutiny. “It is the media’s duty to question,” he said. “Instead, we have seen hundreds of articles simply reproducing the claim.”

How the Narrative Spreads

The pattern repeats itself across regions. Headlines announcing that “three people from Rajasthan” or “two people from Hyderabad” have made it to the top 2 percent appear regularly—almost always without context. “Unquestioning, putting it as the Stanford top 2% list,” Agrawal observed.

The result is a system where visibility replaces verification, and repetition stands in for rigour.

Rankings, Prestige, and the Illusion of Success

This uncritical acceptance of rankings is not limited to the Stanford list. Agrawal pointed to a striking example from global university rankings. “Times Higher Education once put IISc at 60th position in India in research quality,” he said. “Anyone would laugh at that. IISc is undoubtedly one of the best institutions in the country.”

Yet headlines rarely reflect such scepticism. Instead, rankings are framed as national achievements. Even political leadership has cited rising numbers of Indian universities in global rankings as evidence of progress.

“We need to change our measure of success”

“That cannot be a measure of success,” Agrawal warned. “If that is the measure we accept, then the distortions we see today are the outcome.”

A Call for Media Responsibility

The problem, experts argue, is not the existence of bibliometric datasets, but how they are communicated and consumed. Citation-based lists can serve useful analytical purposes when interpreted carefully. But when they are elevated into symbols of institutional excellence, without context or caveats, they risk misleading both the public and policymakers.

“We need to change our measure of success,” Agrawal concluded. “And the first step is for the media to stop reporting rankings as trophies, and start treating them as data that must be interrogated.”

The truth about the “Top 2% Scientists” list, then, is not that it is meaningless—but that its meaning has been repeatedly overstated. Used responsibly, it is one dataset among many. Used uncritically, it becomes a powerful illusion of prestige.

The rapid expansion of digital technologies has profoundly transformed modern society. These advances have reshaped how individuals and institutions use technology to meet diverse needs and aspirations. Among the most impactful innovations is artificial intelligence (AI), which has catalysed social and educational transformations by simplifying complex challenges, enabling predictive simulations, and enhancing problem identification through modelling and scenario planning before decisions are made.

The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated this digital transformation, compelling educational institutions to adopt online and hybrid learning models virtually overnight. This abrupt shift underscored the importance of digital competencies in accounting education while simultaneously revealing gaps in existing curricula and pedagogical methods.

AI now plays a pivotal role in teaching and learning across disciplines. Traditional classroom lectures and textbook exercises are increasingly being supplemented—or, in some cases, replaced—by AI-driven tools and interactive simulations. Collectively, these innovations are fostering a more immersive, adaptive, and forward-looking approach to financial education. In academic settings, AI facilitates rapid access to learning materials, delivers instant feedback, and supports autonomous learning, empowering students to achieve their academic goals more efficiently.

Artificial Intelligence–Driven Customisation in Financial Education

Despite growing recognition of the need for digitalisation in accounting education, a significant gap remains between the skills developed in academia and those demanded by industry. Finance and accounting disciplines are rooted in rigorous theoretical frameworks, quantitative analysis, and strict adherence to standards such as GAAP or IFRS. While textbooks and lectures provide foundational knowledge, they rarely reflect the complex and unpredictable decision-making environments that professionals face.

Students often experience limited exposure to market volatility, regulatory changes, and real-world uncertainty. Consequently, passive learning models that focus primarily on memorisation and theoretical understanding of topics such as risk management, portfolio optimisation, and forensic accounting are becoming less effective.

AI and simulation technologies are addressing this challenge by transforming classrooms into dynamic laboratories that mirror actual market and organisational contexts. The growing importance of sustainability reporting and integrated thinking further demands a technologically literate, systems-oriented approach to accounting education. Given the rapid evolution of the profession, it has become imperative to reassess and redesign finance and accounting curricula to prepare students for a digital-first future. However, a comprehensive understanding of how digitalisation reshapes learning outcomes and curricular design remains underdeveloped.

As early as the 1960s, educator Bert Y. Kersh developed a classroom simulator using films and stills to replicate classroom decision-making for pre-service teachers

AI-driven tools—such as ChatGPT, educational chatbots, Grammarly, Google Translate, and Microsoft Word’s intelligent features—are now ubiquitous in higher education. Their use must be critically evaluated, particularly in terms of data accuracy, transparency, and ethical implications.

Simulations: Bringing Theory into Practice

Simulation-based learning (SBL) serves as a bridge between academic theory and professional practice by recreating real-world environments and decision-making scenarios. In fields such as medicine and aviation, simulations have long been used to help students practise essential skills and solve complex problems safely. As early as the 1960s, educator Bert Y. Kersh developed a classroom simulator using films and stills to replicate classroom decision-making for pre-service teachers. A subsequent randomised control trial revealed that students trained through simulation reported higher self-efficacy and demonstrated “classroom readiness” three weeks ahead of their peers.

According to a 2023 report by the World Economic Forum, artificial intelligence is increasingly integral in accounting education, enhancing adaptive learning and student engagement.

In finance and accounting, simulation-based learning allows students to engage directly with financial instruments and business challenges, improving their proficiency in trading, budgeting, auditing, and decision-making. Virtual stock market trading, for example, enables students to manage portfolios using real-time or historical market data to understand risk, diversification, and market dynamics. Similarly, forensic accounting simulators expose learners to fraud examination and auditing techniques within controlled environments.

Comprehensive business simulations integrate finance, marketing, and operations, replicating complex decision-making processes and teamwork dynamics. These immersive exercises mimic the uncertainty and pressure of real-world financial contexts, helping students balance analytical precision with professional judgement. Moreover, because mistakes in simulations carry no real-world consequences, students can learn through trial and error—an invaluable process in developing professional competence and confidence.

Universities and professional training institutions worldwide are increasingly incorporating AI and simulation technologies into their curricula. Business schools, CPA training programs, and online finance courses now feature trading labs, AI-enabled auditing case studies, and gamified simulation platforms where students earn credit by solving complex, real-world problems.

Such experiential learning models align academic theory with professional practice, ensuring that graduates enter the workforce ready to thrive in a technology-driven economy. As digital disruption continues to reshape industries, these innovations hold the potential to produce not only skilled accountants and finance professionals but also visionary leaders equipped to navigate the complexities of the 21st-century financial landscape.

For the first time in India’s academic history, the total number of school teachers in the country has crossed the one crore mark in the academic year 2024-25. This milestone was highlighted in the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) report released by the Ministry of Education on school education.

According to the report, this represents a 6.7 percent increase in the teacher workforce compared to 2022-23. The data further reflects the scale of India’s education system, which now comprises nearly 15 lakh schools catering to over 24 crore students across the country.

The enrolment pattern shows that nearly 50 percent of students are studying in government schools, followed by 41 percent in private institutions, with the rest enrolled in government-aided schools. Encouragingly, female representation among teachers has risen to 54.3 percent, while girls’ enrolment has reached 48.3 percent.

Better student-teacher ratios and declining dropouts

One of the most significant improvements reported is in the Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR). At the foundational, preparatory, middle, and secondary levels, the ratios now stand at 10, 13, 17, and 21 respectively, showing marked progress in easing classroom loads for teachers.

The Ministry also reported steady gains in dropout rates, student retention, and Gross Enrolment Ratios, indicating that schools are doing more to support students and keep them in the education system. Special attention has also been given to phasing out zero-enrolment and single-teacher schools, with better infrastructure additions enhancing the overall schooling environment.

Highlighting the broader significance of these trends, the Education Ministry stated that the growing teacher workforce is a critical step in ensuring equitable access and quality in education. Increased teacher availability is expected to improve classroom engagement, reduce regional disparities, and help address learning gaps. Schools, the report noted, are now becoming “more supportive and responsive to students’ needs,” which has also contributed to a reduction in early dropouts and greater inclusivity.

With the teacher count crossing the one-crore landmark and school indicators showing a positive trajectory, the government emphasized that the coming years will focus on consolidating these gains and ensuring that every child in India has the opportunity to access quality education.

Currently, India’s school system serves around 24.7 crore students across approximately 14.7 lakh schools, aligning closely with official numbers but reflecting a slight decline in enrolment compared to previous years. The overall student enrolment in 2024-25 marks a seven-year low, falling by about 11 lakh students compared to 2023-24. This drop is notably pronounced at the primary level (classes 1 to 5), which alone saw a decline of roughly 34 lakh students from the previous academic year. Key states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Maharashtra reported some of the steepest enrolment declines, contributing to this national trend.

Government schools now account for about 50 percent of enrolment, though some states have witnessed a significant shift of students from government to private schools. This shift has raised concerns about the government’s capacity to retain students in public schools, with efforts underway to address infrastructural and quality gaps.

On the positive side, there has been progress in girls’ education with girls’ enrolment hovering near 48 percent nationally. The Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) for girls at primary education stands at approximately 90 percent, indicating a high level of age-appropriate enrolment. The secondary and higher secondary levels have shown improvement as well, aligning with the National Education Policy’s target of universal enrolment by 2030.