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A tale of two divergent nuclear energy policies

Germany phased out nuclear energy after protests and nuclear disasters elsewhere shook public faith. France pushed ahead with centralized planning. Laid bare in this piece is how their contrasting legacies reveal the complex dance between democracy and technology.

Karthik Vinod

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Public protest against the use of nuclear power in Bonn, West Germany | Photo Credit: Hans Weingartz

In a world reeling from climate change effects, nuclear energy has offered a cleaner and viable alternative to fossil fuels. However, concerns regarding safety and radioactive waste management persists in developed and developing nations alike. In the past century, the backdrop of nuclear anxieties during the Cold War had even major Western powers, such as Germany and France, on the backfoot addressing those fears.

Their choice to engage in dialogue with the public, left their respective nuclear energy policies contrasting legacies. Policy makers would do well to consider the importance of maintaining public trust, crucial to build a future with clean energy.

West German Anxiety

In the 1970s, West Germany had announced plans to produce a quarter of electric power with nuclear energy. But protests broke out in the city of Wyhl, against having a nuclear reactor operate in their vicinity, claiming potential ecological threat. Ecological institutes had lent support to this view. But authorities failed to engage, considering the argument to have lacked merit. However, a blowback ensued, bolstered by lobbyists applying pressure. Authorities buckled under pressure, in what was just the first of many such public protests nuclear power plants.

In Germany, for long it had just been the “green” political parties, which had been uncompromisingly anti-nuclear. But following the meltdown at Fukushima nuclear power plant in 2011, even fence-sitters have joined the bandwagon. The Germans plan to phase out nuclear power plants completely by this decade. Notwithstanding that, they are still able to achieve net zero carbon dioxide emissions by 2045. However, commentators still wonder whether Germany has squandered an opportunity out of irrational political compulsions; now instead pursuing still expensive means of renewable energy. Their next-door neighbour, France meanwhile, has built more power plants in the intervening decades.

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Superphenix, Nuclear power plant at Creys-Malville, Isère, France | Photo Credit: Yann Forget

Lending a blind eye

France did witness large-scale protests, such as against the Superphenix spent fuel disposal plant, that led to its shutdown in 2000. But protests in France, mirroring those in Germany are rare. Protests are relatively less effective under a government content with centralized, institutionalized policy making. Despite the lack of public engagement in this case, it helped there was de-facto consensus among political parties, in support of nuclear power.

If public concerns existed, these were mostly addressed through existing environment safety laws. As such, nuclear power plants did not cause a stir amongst voters immediately. But this began to change when the green parties in France came to the foyer in the 1990s. In their 2015 article, scholars Sylvain Brouard and Isabelle Guinadeau said: “The pro-nuclear consensus was broken only after the Green Party became a potential coalition partner for the PS (Socialist Party); the PS manifesto has become less and less pro-nuclear since then in order to preserve the pre-electoral coalition with the Greens.” 

The resultant policy faced little public accountability as a result. Forecasts on electricity demands were vastly overestimated, with there being far more nuclear power plants built than necessary. Also, these plants are particularly vulnerable during winters, thereby relying on heavy electric power imports during the season. Since hitting peaks in the 1970s and 80s, when nuclear energy accounted for some 80% of energy and electricity demand in the country, that figure has dipped sharply, and will so until about 50% soon, considering a renewed push to alternative renewable resources.

Engage in dialogue

It helped that neither France, nor Germany had dealt with a radioactive mishap, unlike the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in erstwhile Soviet Union, or the Three Mile Island disaster in the United States; instances where people were exposed to harmful radioactive exposure. And so, it should be little wonder the public are consulted to address problems that concern their own safety. Often, governments adopt a top-down approach in explaining their position to the public about their policy. But there must be space for dialogue. Science policies are only effective when they are framed democratically; when policy makers fail to consult beforehand with their beneficiaries – the public.

Including members of the public with “lay” expertise often invites criticism for their lack of subject-matter expertise. While this holds true, especially in advocacy for public participation in scientific advisory committees for example, a critical angle – or unique perspective – can prove beneficiary. In a 2012 article examining public engagement practices notes, scholars Alan Irwin, Torben Elgaard Jensen, and Kevin E. Jones, notes: “Criticism, rather than voicing negative prospects and possibilities that must be overcome before meaningful action can occur, has potential value (and relevance) as a meaningful action in its own right.”

For a fact, scientists relying upon scientific evidence themselves, are often beleaguered with the uncertainties and risks involved in handling affairs. There is space for lay persons to take part in risk assessments, that can help identify potential hazards to them, and risk compensation pathways that can compensate them in the event of a disaster. All of this makes policy making more holistic, and in spirit with celebrating participatory democracy in decision-making.

Earth

Vantara: Inside a Billionaire-Backed Bid to Build a Global Wildlife University

The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex.

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Anant Ambani at the foundation ceremony of Vantara University in Jamnagar, India, April 2026. Image credit: Vantara.

A new private university focused on wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences is being positioned as an ambitious attempt to reshape how the world trains the next generation of conservation professionals—backed by one of Asia’s most influential business families.

The institution, Vantara University, has been launched in western India by a wildlife initiative founded by Anant Ambani, part of the Reliance group. Framed as an integrated academic ecosystem, the project reflects a growing trend where private capital is stepping into areas traditionally led by public institutions and global nonprofits.

Vantara officially describes the university as the “world’s first integrated global university” dedicated to wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences. While the scale and integration may be distinctive, similar disciplines are already taught across universities worldwide, often through specialised schools, research centres, and veterinary colleges.

The claim, therefore, rests less on the existence of such education and more on the attempt to consolidate it within a single, purpose-built institutional framework.

A Shift Toward Education-Led Conservation

The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex. Climate change, habitat fragmentation, and the spread of zoonotic diseases are reshaping ecosystems and exposing the limits of traditional conservation models.

There is a growing recognition that protecting biodiversity will require not just field interventions, but a systemic expansion of expertise—from wildlife veterinarians and epidemiologists to policy specialists and conservation planners.

Vantara University aims to respond to this gap by bringing together disciplines such as wildlife medicine, genetics, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, and conservation policy under one academic structure.

Blending Science, Scale, and Philosophy

The university’s vision combines scientific training with a philosophical framing rooted in compassion and stewardship. Its design draws inspiration from historical centres of learning, while positioning itself as a modern, purpose-led institution.

“The future of conservation will depend on how we prepare minds and institutions to serve life with compassion, knowledge, and skill,” Anant Ambani said in a statement.

“Vantara University is shaped by a deeply personal journey of witnessing animals in distress and recognising the need for greater capability in their care… the university seeks to nurture a new generation committed to protecting every life.”

Global Ambitions, Local Foundations

Although based in India, the project is clearly aimed at a global audience.

The university plans to offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and specialised programmes, supported by research infrastructure and international collaborations. It also emphasises action-oriented learning, linking academic work with real-world conservation practices.

This approach reflects a broader shift in higher education, where institutions are increasingly expected to produce not just knowledge, but deployable expertise.

The Rise of Private Influence in Conservation

The initiative also highlights a larger structural shift: the growing role of private capital in shaping conservation agendas.

Historically, conservation has been driven by governments, multilateral agencies, and non-profit organisations. However, large-scale funding gaps and the urgency of environmental crises are opening the door for philanthropic and corporate actors to play a more prominent role.

This raises both opportunities and questions.

Private initiatives can accelerate innovation and investment, but they also bring concerns around governance, accountability, and long-term alignment with public interest.

Questions of Access and Impact

As with many specialised institutions, accessibility will be a critical test.

While the university has announced scholarships aimed at supporting students from diverse backgrounds, the broader question remains: can such models scale inclusively, particularly for communities most directly affected by environmental change?

The effectiveness of the initiative will also depend on its ability to influence policy, contribute to global research, and produce professionals equipped to address complex ecological challenges.

A Changing Conservation Landscape

The launch of Vantara University signals a deeper transition in how conservation is being imagined.

Increasingly, the field is moving beyond isolated interventions toward integrated systems that connect science, education, and practice. In this context, universities are not just centres of learning—they are becoming critical infrastructure in the fight to preserve biodiversity.

Whether this particular model succeeds will depend on execution, collaboration, and its ability to move beyond vision into measurable impact.

But its emergence underscores a central reality:

The future of conservation may depend as much on classrooms and laboratories as it does on forests and protected areas.

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Health

Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels

A new Lancet Commission will examine how rising sea levels impact health, equity, and global systems, with experts calling it an urgent crisis.

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Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels
Image credit: Andres Ayala s/Unsplash

A new global commission led by The Lancet has been launched to examine the growing health and justice impacts of sea-level rise, as climate change accelerates risks for millions living in coastal and low-lying regions.

The Lancet Commission on Sea-Level Rise, Health and Justice, announced on April 8, brings together 26 international experts to assess how rising seas are reshaping public health, livelihoods, and global equity.

A Growing Crisis Beyond Climate

Sea-level rise, driven by anthropogenic climate change, is already contributing to displacement, food and water insecurity, and changing patterns of infectious diseases. The Commission marks the first major effort to analyse these intersecting risks through a health-focused lens.

“This commission comes at exactly the right time… sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat. It is already disrupting lives, health and wellbeing, especially for the most vulnerable,” said Christiana Figueres, Co-Chair of the Commission and a former UN climate chief.

Experts warn that the impacts extend far beyond environmental damage, affecting the social and economic fabric of vulnerable communities.

“Rising seas don’t just threaten coastlines, they threaten lives, livelihoods, and basic fairness. This is not only a climate problem. It is a health crisis, a justice crisis, and an urgent call for collective action,” said Jemilah Mahmood, Commissioner, Lancet Commission, and Executive Director of the Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Malaysia.

An Urgent Global Health Challenge

The Commission is supported by the WHO Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment and Health and aims to generate evidence-based policy recommendations to strengthen adaptation, resilience, and equitable responses.

Dr Sandro Demaio, Director of WHO ACE, emphasised the immediacy of the crisis.

“Sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat — it is a public health emergency unfolding now. Through this WHO supported global Commission, we are clear: inaction is not neutral, it is a choice that puts lives and justice at risk.”

Human Impacts at the Core

The Commission also highlights the disproportionate burden on vulnerable populations, particularly in coastal and low-income regions.

“Rising sea levels are more than an environmental issue; they quietly contaminate water, displace communities, and increase health risks for those least able to cope. Every centimetre of sea level rise is not just a measure of water, but a measure of injustice,” said Kathryn Bowen, Co-Chair of the Commission.

A Defining Policy Moment

With projections suggesting that hundreds of millions of people could be displaced by the end of the century, the Commission aims to inform global policy and strengthen international cooperation.

“Sea-level rise is not just an environmental issue — it is a test of our commitment to people, equity, and future generations,” said Jiho Cha, Member of Parliament, Republic of Korea and Co-Chair of the Commission.

The Commission will contribute to global policy discussions, including international climate platforms, and aims to place human and planetary health at the centre of climate action.

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Society

Why Campuses Need a Happiness Officer Now

Rising student stress and depression highlight the need for a happiness officer on campus to promote wellbeing and prevent mental health crises.

Dr Rajesh K Pillania, Professor, MDI, Gurgaon

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Student Stress Is Rising. Campuses Need a Happiness Officer
Image credit: Adedire Abiodun/Pexels

As student stress and mental health challenges rise, educational institutions must move beyond symbolic gestures and invest in structured wellbeing systems—starting with a dedicated happiness officer on campus.

The rising need for happiness

20 March was celebrated as the International Day of Happiness.

The idea of creating an International Day of Happiness is a great one; it deserves to be taken seriously. However, there is a need to do much more than celebrate happiness for just one day a year. This becomes crucial when one considers the rising problem of stress, depression and suicides among young people around the world, including in India.

The challenges of stress, depression and suicides among students

The education system places significant pressure on students, yet they are rarely taught how they, their parents, teachers or the system itself can help them cope with this pressure—or how to view their efforts in the right perspective.

Because of a lack of awareness, education and capability, stress has become a major issue in students’ lives, often leading to depression and, in some cases, suicides. These challenges have far-reaching negative impacts across different aspects of life, as supported by multiple research studies.

A happiness officer on campus

Since happiness is an essential ingredient for a fulfilling life—and also acts as a preventive factor in dealing with stress—it is important to give it greater importance in educational institutions.

Institutions already place heavy demands on faculty and staff, who may not have the time to actively focus on student wellbeing. In this context, employing a dedicated happiness officer to address health and wellbeing on campus could be a significant step forward.

India’s Campuses Need a Happiness Officer to Tackle Student Stress
Image credit: RDNE Stock Project/Pexels

The happiness officer’s primary responsibility should be to raise awareness about happiness, as well as the dangers of stress and depression, among students, faculty, staff and others on campus. This awareness must be continuous rather than occasional.

The second responsibility should be to organise regular programmes in engaging ways, covering themes such as what happiness is, why it matters, and how it can be cultivated, alongside practical approaches to understanding, avoiding and managing stress.

who is a happiness officer
Illustration/ Credit: S James/EdPublica

The third responsibility should be to track individuals who may be experiencing stress or depression and ensure they receive timely support. Additional responsibilities can be developed depending on the needs and context of each institution.

Avoiding the trap of tokenism

However, awareness initiatives and programmes must be implemented with sincerity and intent. The happiness officer must work in both letter and spirit to create meaningful impact, rather than simply fulfilling formal requirements.

This role should not fall into the common institutional trap where ticking boxes becomes more important than creating real change on the ground.

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