Society
How China Is Redrawing the Global Map of Critical Minerals
China’s $120bn critical minerals investment is reshaping global supply chains and strengthening its dominance in the clean energy economy.
China’s $120 billion investment surge into critical minerals is not just about securing resources—it is about shaping the architecture of the global clean energy economy. As supply chains realign, the balance of industrial power is shifting in ways that could define the next century
The global energy transition is often framed as a technological race—who will build the best batteries, the most efficient solar panels, or the most advanced electric vehicles. But beneath this narrative lies a more fundamental contest: control over the raw materials that make these technologies possible.
Lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earths—these are not just commodities. They are the building blocks of the new industrial economy.
Over the past few years, China has moved decisively to secure them.
A recent analysis by Climate Energy Finance (CEF) estimates that China has committed more than $120 billion in outbound investment into critical minerals and metals since 2023, spanning multiple continents and resource categories.
What this report documents is not merely investment flows, but the architecture of a new global green industrial order,” says Tim Buckley, report lead author and Director at CEF.
This is not a scattered set of deals. It is a coordinated strategy—one that is rapidly reshaping the global resource landscape.
Beyond Extraction: Building a System
Historically, global resource investment followed a familiar pattern: capital flowed from developed economies into resource-rich regions, extracting raw materials for export with limited local value creation.
China’s current approach marks a significant departure.
Instead of focusing solely on extraction, Chinese firms are increasingly investing in processing, infrastructure, and industrial ecosystems within host countries—building ports, railways, clean energy systems, and enabling manufacturing capacity.
As Associate Professor of the Australia–China Relations Institute at the University of Technology, Marina Yue Zhang notes, the strategy has moved “well beyond simple resource extraction towards a more integrated model linking resource acquisition with processing, infrastructure, manufacturing, and long-term industrial partnerships.”
The result is a vertically integrated system that connects resource acquisition, refining, and industrial production into a single coordinated framework.
China already dominates many parts of this chain—accounting for roughly 90% of global rare earth refining, over 70% of cobalt processing, and around 60% of lithium processing.
The Logic of Vertical Integration
At the heart of China’s strategy is a simple economic insight: control the entire value chain, and you control the market.
By investing simultaneously in mines, processing facilities, and downstream manufacturing, China reduces its dependence on external suppliers while increasing global reliance on its capabilities.
Buckley underscores the scale and intent of this approach: China has built “a vertically integrated green supply chain spanning every continent, combining state-directed capital with private enterprise execution at a speed and scale no competitor country comes close to matching.”
For competitors, replicating this model is not just a matter of capital—it requires alignment between policy, industry, and long-term planning.
A New Partnership Model in the Global South
One of the most significant shifts in China’s strategy is how it engages with resource-rich nations.
Earlier models of foreign investment were often criticised as extractive. Today, Chinese firms are increasingly offering in-country processing, infrastructure investment, skilled employment, and technology transfer in exchange for long-term resource access.
As CEF analyst Matt Pollard explains, these are “not just mining deals, but blueprints for green industrialisation,” offering pathways for emerging economies to build domestic industries.
For many countries in the Global South, this represents a significant opportunity—but also a strategic choice.
A Multipolar Shift
China’s resource strategy is unfolding in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.
As Western economies adopt more protectionist measures and retreat from multilateral engagement, China has expanded its global investment footprint—particularly across emerging markets.
Buckley argues that this divergence is accelerating China’s momentum: its trajectory is “one of adaptation and acceleration, not retreat,” even amid rising geopolitical tensions.
The result is a shift toward a more multipolar global economy, where influence is distributed across multiple centres rather than concentrated in traditional Western powers.
Supply Chain Risks and Strategic Vulnerabilities
China’s growing dominance also raises concerns.
The concentration of extraction and processing capacity creates risks for global supply chains, energy security, and industrial competitiveness.
Countries dependent on these supply chains face potential vulnerabilities—from geopolitical disruptions to market imbalances.
Efforts to diversify supply are emerging, including strategic collaborations such as Japan’s partnership with Australia’s Lynas Rare Earths to secure long-term supply.
But scaling such alternatives remains a complex and time-intensive challenge.
The Limits of Protectionism
In response to China’s rise, some governments have turned to tariffs, trade barriers, and restrictive policies.
While these measures may offer short-term protection, they do little to address the underlying structural gap.
The challenge is not simply one of market access—it is one of capability.
Without investment in processing, infrastructure, and industrial capacity, alternative supply chains remain incomplete. Protectionism, in this context, risks isolating economies rather than strengthening them.
More effective responses are likely to involve strategic partnerships and targeted investments, similar to emerging collaborations in rare earth supply chains.
Implications for India and Emerging Economies
For countries like India, the evolving resource landscape presents both opportunity and urgency.
India has ambitions to become a major player in clean energy manufacturing and supply chain diversification. It has a large domestic market, growing industrial capacity, and a strong talent base.
But it faces significant gaps.
Processing capabilities remain limited. Access to critical minerals is constrained. And integration across the value chain is still developing.
To compete effectively, India will need to move beyond isolated initiatives and adopt a more coordinated approach—linking resource access, industrial policy, and global partnerships.
More broadly, resource-rich nations face a strategic choice. They can remain suppliers of raw materials, or they can leverage current demand to build domestic industries and capture greater value.
China’s model offers one pathway. Whether others can develop alternatives will shape the future of the global economy.
The New Resource Order
The transition to a low-carbon economy is not just an environmental imperative—it is an industrial transformation.
At its core lies a simple reality: technologies may evolve, but they are built on physical resources. Control those resources, and you shape the trajectory of the transition.
China’s $120 billion investment surge is a reflection of this understanding. It is not merely securing supply—it is constructing a system.
The implications are profound.
As the world moves toward net zero, the question is no longer just who will innovate, but who will control the inputs that make innovation possible.
In that contest, the contours of a new resource order are already emerging—and China is at its centre.
Earth
Vantara: Inside a Billionaire-Backed Bid to Build a Global Wildlife University
The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex.
A new private university focused on wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences is being positioned as an ambitious attempt to reshape how the world trains the next generation of conservation professionals—backed by one of Asia’s most influential business families.
The institution, Vantara University, has been launched in western India by a wildlife initiative founded by Anant Ambani, part of the Reliance group. Framed as an integrated academic ecosystem, the project reflects a growing trend where private capital is stepping into areas traditionally led by public institutions and global nonprofits.
Vantara officially describes the university as the “world’s first integrated global university” dedicated to wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences. While the scale and integration may be distinctive, similar disciplines are already taught across universities worldwide, often through specialised schools, research centres, and veterinary colleges.
The claim, therefore, rests less on the existence of such education and more on the attempt to consolidate it within a single, purpose-built institutional framework.
A Shift Toward Education-Led Conservation
The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex. Climate change, habitat fragmentation, and the spread of zoonotic diseases are reshaping ecosystems and exposing the limits of traditional conservation models.
There is a growing recognition that protecting biodiversity will require not just field interventions, but a systemic expansion of expertise—from wildlife veterinarians and epidemiologists to policy specialists and conservation planners.
Vantara University aims to respond to this gap by bringing together disciplines such as wildlife medicine, genetics, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, and conservation policy under one academic structure.
Blending Science, Scale, and Philosophy
The university’s vision combines scientific training with a philosophical framing rooted in compassion and stewardship. Its design draws inspiration from historical centres of learning, while positioning itself as a modern, purpose-led institution.
“The future of conservation will depend on how we prepare minds and institutions to serve life with compassion, knowledge, and skill,” Anant Ambani said in a statement.
“Vantara University is shaped by a deeply personal journey of witnessing animals in distress and recognising the need for greater capability in their care… the university seeks to nurture a new generation committed to protecting every life.”
Global Ambitions, Local Foundations
Although based in India, the project is clearly aimed at a global audience.
The university plans to offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and specialised programmes, supported by research infrastructure and international collaborations. It also emphasises action-oriented learning, linking academic work with real-world conservation practices.
This approach reflects a broader shift in higher education, where institutions are increasingly expected to produce not just knowledge, but deployable expertise.
The Rise of Private Influence in Conservation
The initiative also highlights a larger structural shift: the growing role of private capital in shaping conservation agendas.
Historically, conservation has been driven by governments, multilateral agencies, and non-profit organisations. However, large-scale funding gaps and the urgency of environmental crises are opening the door for philanthropic and corporate actors to play a more prominent role.
This raises both opportunities and questions.
Private initiatives can accelerate innovation and investment, but they also bring concerns around governance, accountability, and long-term alignment with public interest.
Questions of Access and Impact
As with many specialised institutions, accessibility will be a critical test.
While the university has announced scholarships aimed at supporting students from diverse backgrounds, the broader question remains: can such models scale inclusively, particularly for communities most directly affected by environmental change?
The effectiveness of the initiative will also depend on its ability to influence policy, contribute to global research, and produce professionals equipped to address complex ecological challenges.
A Changing Conservation Landscape
The launch of Vantara University signals a deeper transition in how conservation is being imagined.
Increasingly, the field is moving beyond isolated interventions toward integrated systems that connect science, education, and practice. In this context, universities are not just centres of learning—they are becoming critical infrastructure in the fight to preserve biodiversity.
Whether this particular model succeeds will depend on execution, collaboration, and its ability to move beyond vision into measurable impact.
But its emergence underscores a central reality:
The future of conservation may depend as much on classrooms and laboratories as it does on forests and protected areas.
Health
Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels
A new Lancet Commission will examine how rising sea levels impact health, equity, and global systems, with experts calling it an urgent crisis.
A new global commission led by The Lancet has been launched to examine the growing health and justice impacts of sea-level rise, as climate change accelerates risks for millions living in coastal and low-lying regions.
The Lancet Commission on Sea-Level Rise, Health and Justice, announced on April 8, brings together 26 international experts to assess how rising seas are reshaping public health, livelihoods, and global equity.
A Growing Crisis Beyond Climate
Sea-level rise, driven by anthropogenic climate change, is already contributing to displacement, food and water insecurity, and changing patterns of infectious diseases. The Commission marks the first major effort to analyse these intersecting risks through a health-focused lens.
“This commission comes at exactly the right time… sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat. It is already disrupting lives, health and wellbeing, especially for the most vulnerable,” said Christiana Figueres, Co-Chair of the Commission and a former UN climate chief.
Experts warn that the impacts extend far beyond environmental damage, affecting the social and economic fabric of vulnerable communities.
“Rising seas don’t just threaten coastlines, they threaten lives, livelihoods, and basic fairness. This is not only a climate problem. It is a health crisis, a justice crisis, and an urgent call for collective action,” said Jemilah Mahmood, Commissioner, Lancet Commission, and Executive Director of the Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Malaysia.
An Urgent Global Health Challenge
The Commission is supported by the WHO Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment and Health and aims to generate evidence-based policy recommendations to strengthen adaptation, resilience, and equitable responses.
Dr Sandro Demaio, Director of WHO ACE, emphasised the immediacy of the crisis.
“Sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat — it is a public health emergency unfolding now. Through this WHO supported global Commission, we are clear: inaction is not neutral, it is a choice that puts lives and justice at risk.”
Human Impacts at the Core
The Commission also highlights the disproportionate burden on vulnerable populations, particularly in coastal and low-income regions.
“Rising sea levels are more than an environmental issue; they quietly contaminate water, displace communities, and increase health risks for those least able to cope. Every centimetre of sea level rise is not just a measure of water, but a measure of injustice,” said Kathryn Bowen, Co-Chair of the Commission.
A Defining Policy Moment
With projections suggesting that hundreds of millions of people could be displaced by the end of the century, the Commission aims to inform global policy and strengthen international cooperation.
“Sea-level rise is not just an environmental issue — it is a test of our commitment to people, equity, and future generations,” said Jiho Cha, Member of Parliament, Republic of Korea and Co-Chair of the Commission.
The Commission will contribute to global policy discussions, including international climate platforms, and aims to place human and planetary health at the centre of climate action.
Society
Why Campuses Need a Happiness Officer Now
Rising student stress and depression highlight the need for a happiness officer on campus to promote wellbeing and prevent mental health crises.
As student stress and mental health challenges rise, educational institutions must move beyond symbolic gestures and invest in structured wellbeing systems—starting with a dedicated happiness officer on campus.
The rising need for happiness
20 March was celebrated as the International Day of Happiness.
The idea of creating an International Day of Happiness is a great one; it deserves to be taken seriously. However, there is a need to do much more than celebrate happiness for just one day a year. This becomes crucial when one considers the rising problem of stress, depression and suicides among young people around the world, including in India.
The challenges of stress, depression and suicides among students
The education system places significant pressure on students, yet they are rarely taught how they, their parents, teachers or the system itself can help them cope with this pressure—or how to view their efforts in the right perspective.
Because of a lack of awareness, education and capability, stress has become a major issue in students’ lives, often leading to depression and, in some cases, suicides. These challenges have far-reaching negative impacts across different aspects of life, as supported by multiple research studies.
A happiness officer on campus
Since happiness is an essential ingredient for a fulfilling life—and also acts as a preventive factor in dealing with stress—it is important to give it greater importance in educational institutions.
Institutions already place heavy demands on faculty and staff, who may not have the time to actively focus on student wellbeing. In this context, employing a dedicated happiness officer to address health and wellbeing on campus could be a significant step forward.

The happiness officer’s primary responsibility should be to raise awareness about happiness, as well as the dangers of stress and depression, among students, faculty, staff and others on campus. This awareness must be continuous rather than occasional.
The second responsibility should be to organise regular programmes in engaging ways, covering themes such as what happiness is, why it matters, and how it can be cultivated, alongside practical approaches to understanding, avoiding and managing stress.

The third responsibility should be to track individuals who may be experiencing stress or depression and ensure they receive timely support. Additional responsibilities can be developed depending on the needs and context of each institution.
Avoiding the trap of tokenism
However, awareness initiatives and programmes must be implemented with sincerity and intent. The happiness officer must work in both letter and spirit to create meaningful impact, rather than simply fulfilling formal requirements.
This role should not fall into the common institutional trap where ticking boxes becomes more important than creating real change on the ground.
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