Society
Death toll 280 & counting: what is the science behind Kerala’s deadly landslides?
Haunting images reveal uprooted trees, homes reduced to rubble, and bridges shattered, all swallowed by muddied waters. Each scene tells a story of loss, despair, and the enduring resilience of those affected
The landslides in Wayanad, a tourist-friendly district in the southern Indian state of Kerala, are rapidly becoming one of the most devastating natural disasters the region has ever seen. Entire areas in Chooralmala and Mundakai villages have been washed away, with local media reporting the destruction of over 250 homes. Tragically, the death toll has surpassed 280, marking a grim chapter in the region’s history.
The disaster, the worst since the devastating floods of 2018, has left a heart-breaking trail of destruction. Haunting images reveal uprooted trees, homes reduced to rubble, and bridges shattered, all swallowed by muddied waters. Each scene tells a story of loss, despair, and the enduring resilience of those affected.
Nestled in the rugged terrain of the Western Ghats, Wayanad is renowned for its stunning vistas and is a cherished tourist destination, attracting over 100,000 visitors each year. This picturesque district, home to indigenous tribes and dotted with lush tea and cardamom estates, holds a unique charm. Yet, beneath its beauty lies a history of vulnerability to landslides.
A 2011 report by a panel of experts led by ecologist Madhav Gadgil classified the entire Wayanad region as “fragile, medium fragile, and less fragile,” highlighting its susceptibility to landslides
A 2011 report by a panel of experts led by ecologist Madhav Gadgil classified the entire Wayanad region as “fragile, medium fragile, and less fragile,” highlighting its susceptibility to landslides. This designation underscores the delicate balance of this ecologically sensitive area, where the enchanting landscape masks the underlying risks faced by its resilient inhabitants.

In the past decade alone, landslides have claimed the lives of 255 people in Kerala. In 2018, 109 people died in landslides, and in 2020 and 2021, around 182 lives were lost to these disasters. August 2020 saw a particularly deadly landslide in Pettimudi, which resulted in 66 fatalities.
Understanding Landslides
Landslides, also known as landslips, encompass a dramatic and diverse array of ground movements that can reshape landscapes in an instant. These natural events, ranging from rockfalls and mudflows to slope failures and debris flows, occur across various environments. Whether cascading down steep mountain ranges, eroding coastal cliffs, or shifting underwater as submarine landslides, these movements highlight the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the terrain. As communities and scientists grapple with their impacts, the stories behind these powerful geological forces continue to unfold.
While gravity is the main force behind landslides, various factors influence slope stability, creating conditions that make a slope vulnerable to failure. Often, a specific event like heavy rainfall, an earthquake, or construction activity triggers a landslide, though the precise cause isn’t always identifiable.
Human activities often exacerbate landslides. Urban sprawl, mining, and deforestation contribute to land degradation, reducing soil stabilization by vegetation. Additionally, global warming and other environmental impacts increase the frequency of extreme weather events, further triggering landslides.
The Catastrophe in Wayanad
Mundakai, the epicentre of a series of landslides, received 572 mm of rain in 48 hours. According to the India Meteorological Department, rainfall exceeding 204.4 mm per day is considered extremely heavy. Experts attribute the landslide in the Mundakai region to this heavy rainfall. In 2019, the Puthumala landslide occurred just two to three kilometres from the current disaster site.
Dr. S. Abhilash from the Cochin University of Science and Technology highlighted the region’s geographical vulnerability. He stated in a video shared on the university’s official Facebook page that heavy nighttime rain was the primary cause of the landslide.
The phenomenon, technically known as a mesoscale mini cloudburst, involves 15 to 20 cm of rain falling within two to three hours. Such events are now occurring in North Kerala, significantly impacting the region
In the past two weeks, the Konkan region (a stretch of land by the western coast of India) experienced heavy rainfall due to a low-pressure area from the Gujarat coast to North Kerala. North Kerala received 50 to 70 percent more rain than usual during this period, with areas including Wayanad recording over 24 cm of rain. The thickening of clouds in the southeast Arabian region contributed to this heavy rainfall.
This phenomenon, technically known as a mesoscale mini cloudburst, involves 15 to 20 cm of rain falling within two to three hours. Such events are now occurring in North Kerala, significantly impacting the region.
Mesoscale Cloudbursts and Kerala Floods
An earlier study published in Science Direct linked mesoscale cloudbursts to the 2019 Kerala floods. Researchers at the Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Radar Research (ACARR), Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), observed that rainfall exceeding 50 mm in two hours was reported in many places from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. on August 8, 2019.
The Western Ghats, which run through Kerala, are prone to frequent landslides during the biannual monsoon seasons. The Gadgil Committee report classified areas like Kavalappara in Malappuram district and Puthumala in Wayanad district, which experienced fatal landslides in 2020, as Ecologically Fragile Land (EFL). Climate change exacerbates these issues.
Kerala has faced significant challenges due to climate change in recent years. The state endured a severe drought in 2015, followed by the devastating Ockhi cyclone in 2017. In 2018 and 2019, massive floods and landslides wreaked havoc.
The extreme rainfall of August 2019, which caused landslides and mudslides, leading to downstream flooding, was a ‘mesoscale cloudburst’—a rare phenomenon in Kerala usually seen in North India, according to the study published in ScienceDirect.
Given the increasing intensity of rainfall, the probability of landslides in the Western Ghats’ high to mid-land slopes during the monsoon seasons rises. Human intervention, primarily for crop cultivation, has altered the Western Ghats, making the region more prone to landslides of various scales.
Earth
Vantara: Inside a Billionaire-Backed Bid to Build a Global Wildlife University
The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex.
A new private university focused on wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences is being positioned as an ambitious attempt to reshape how the world trains the next generation of conservation professionals—backed by one of Asia’s most influential business families.
The institution, Vantara University, has been launched in western India by a wildlife initiative founded by Anant Ambani, part of the Reliance group. Framed as an integrated academic ecosystem, the project reflects a growing trend where private capital is stepping into areas traditionally led by public institutions and global nonprofits.
Vantara officially describes the university as the “world’s first integrated global university” dedicated to wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences. While the scale and integration may be distinctive, similar disciplines are already taught across universities worldwide, often through specialised schools, research centres, and veterinary colleges.
The claim, therefore, rests less on the existence of such education and more on the attempt to consolidate it within a single, purpose-built institutional framework.
A Shift Toward Education-Led Conservation
The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex. Climate change, habitat fragmentation, and the spread of zoonotic diseases are reshaping ecosystems and exposing the limits of traditional conservation models.
There is a growing recognition that protecting biodiversity will require not just field interventions, but a systemic expansion of expertise—from wildlife veterinarians and epidemiologists to policy specialists and conservation planners.
Vantara University aims to respond to this gap by bringing together disciplines such as wildlife medicine, genetics, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, and conservation policy under one academic structure.
Blending Science, Scale, and Philosophy
The university’s vision combines scientific training with a philosophical framing rooted in compassion and stewardship. Its design draws inspiration from historical centres of learning, while positioning itself as a modern, purpose-led institution.
“The future of conservation will depend on how we prepare minds and institutions to serve life with compassion, knowledge, and skill,” Anant Ambani said in a statement.
“Vantara University is shaped by a deeply personal journey of witnessing animals in distress and recognising the need for greater capability in their care… the university seeks to nurture a new generation committed to protecting every life.”
Global Ambitions, Local Foundations
Although based in India, the project is clearly aimed at a global audience.
The university plans to offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and specialised programmes, supported by research infrastructure and international collaborations. It also emphasises action-oriented learning, linking academic work with real-world conservation practices.
This approach reflects a broader shift in higher education, where institutions are increasingly expected to produce not just knowledge, but deployable expertise.
The Rise of Private Influence in Conservation
The initiative also highlights a larger structural shift: the growing role of private capital in shaping conservation agendas.
Historically, conservation has been driven by governments, multilateral agencies, and non-profit organisations. However, large-scale funding gaps and the urgency of environmental crises are opening the door for philanthropic and corporate actors to play a more prominent role.
This raises both opportunities and questions.
Private initiatives can accelerate innovation and investment, but they also bring concerns around governance, accountability, and long-term alignment with public interest.
Questions of Access and Impact
As with many specialised institutions, accessibility will be a critical test.
While the university has announced scholarships aimed at supporting students from diverse backgrounds, the broader question remains: can such models scale inclusively, particularly for communities most directly affected by environmental change?
The effectiveness of the initiative will also depend on its ability to influence policy, contribute to global research, and produce professionals equipped to address complex ecological challenges.
A Changing Conservation Landscape
The launch of Vantara University signals a deeper transition in how conservation is being imagined.
Increasingly, the field is moving beyond isolated interventions toward integrated systems that connect science, education, and practice. In this context, universities are not just centres of learning—they are becoming critical infrastructure in the fight to preserve biodiversity.
Whether this particular model succeeds will depend on execution, collaboration, and its ability to move beyond vision into measurable impact.
But its emergence underscores a central reality:
The future of conservation may depend as much on classrooms and laboratories as it does on forests and protected areas.
Health
Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels
A new Lancet Commission will examine how rising sea levels impact health, equity, and global systems, with experts calling it an urgent crisis.
A new global commission led by The Lancet has been launched to examine the growing health and justice impacts of sea-level rise, as climate change accelerates risks for millions living in coastal and low-lying regions.
The Lancet Commission on Sea-Level Rise, Health and Justice, announced on April 8, brings together 26 international experts to assess how rising seas are reshaping public health, livelihoods, and global equity.
A Growing Crisis Beyond Climate
Sea-level rise, driven by anthropogenic climate change, is already contributing to displacement, food and water insecurity, and changing patterns of infectious diseases. The Commission marks the first major effort to analyse these intersecting risks through a health-focused lens.
“This commission comes at exactly the right time… sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat. It is already disrupting lives, health and wellbeing, especially for the most vulnerable,” said Christiana Figueres, Co-Chair of the Commission and a former UN climate chief.
Experts warn that the impacts extend far beyond environmental damage, affecting the social and economic fabric of vulnerable communities.
“Rising seas don’t just threaten coastlines, they threaten lives, livelihoods, and basic fairness. This is not only a climate problem. It is a health crisis, a justice crisis, and an urgent call for collective action,” said Jemilah Mahmood, Commissioner, Lancet Commission, and Executive Director of the Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Malaysia.
An Urgent Global Health Challenge
The Commission is supported by the WHO Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment and Health and aims to generate evidence-based policy recommendations to strengthen adaptation, resilience, and equitable responses.
Dr Sandro Demaio, Director of WHO ACE, emphasised the immediacy of the crisis.
“Sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat — it is a public health emergency unfolding now. Through this WHO supported global Commission, we are clear: inaction is not neutral, it is a choice that puts lives and justice at risk.”
Human Impacts at the Core
The Commission also highlights the disproportionate burden on vulnerable populations, particularly in coastal and low-income regions.
“Rising sea levels are more than an environmental issue; they quietly contaminate water, displace communities, and increase health risks for those least able to cope. Every centimetre of sea level rise is not just a measure of water, but a measure of injustice,” said Kathryn Bowen, Co-Chair of the Commission.
A Defining Policy Moment
With projections suggesting that hundreds of millions of people could be displaced by the end of the century, the Commission aims to inform global policy and strengthen international cooperation.
“Sea-level rise is not just an environmental issue — it is a test of our commitment to people, equity, and future generations,” said Jiho Cha, Member of Parliament, Republic of Korea and Co-Chair of the Commission.
The Commission will contribute to global policy discussions, including international climate platforms, and aims to place human and planetary health at the centre of climate action.
Society
Why Campuses Need a Happiness Officer Now
Rising student stress and depression highlight the need for a happiness officer on campus to promote wellbeing and prevent mental health crises.
As student stress and mental health challenges rise, educational institutions must move beyond symbolic gestures and invest in structured wellbeing systems—starting with a dedicated happiness officer on campus.
The rising need for happiness
20 March was celebrated as the International Day of Happiness.
The idea of creating an International Day of Happiness is a great one; it deserves to be taken seriously. However, there is a need to do much more than celebrate happiness for just one day a year. This becomes crucial when one considers the rising problem of stress, depression and suicides among young people around the world, including in India.
The challenges of stress, depression and suicides among students
The education system places significant pressure on students, yet they are rarely taught how they, their parents, teachers or the system itself can help them cope with this pressure—or how to view their efforts in the right perspective.
Because of a lack of awareness, education and capability, stress has become a major issue in students’ lives, often leading to depression and, in some cases, suicides. These challenges have far-reaching negative impacts across different aspects of life, as supported by multiple research studies.
A happiness officer on campus
Since happiness is an essential ingredient for a fulfilling life—and also acts as a preventive factor in dealing with stress—it is important to give it greater importance in educational institutions.
Institutions already place heavy demands on faculty and staff, who may not have the time to actively focus on student wellbeing. In this context, employing a dedicated happiness officer to address health and wellbeing on campus could be a significant step forward.

The happiness officer’s primary responsibility should be to raise awareness about happiness, as well as the dangers of stress and depression, among students, faculty, staff and others on campus. This awareness must be continuous rather than occasional.
The second responsibility should be to organise regular programmes in engaging ways, covering themes such as what happiness is, why it matters, and how it can be cultivated, alongside practical approaches to understanding, avoiding and managing stress.

The third responsibility should be to track individuals who may be experiencing stress or depression and ensure they receive timely support. Additional responsibilities can be developed depending on the needs and context of each institution.
Avoiding the trap of tokenism
However, awareness initiatives and programmes must be implemented with sincerity and intent. The happiness officer must work in both letter and spirit to create meaningful impact, rather than simply fulfilling formal requirements.
This role should not fall into the common institutional trap where ticking boxes becomes more important than creating real change on the ground.
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