Society
Swami Vivekananda — The Monk Behind India’s Greatest Science Institute
Long before the Indian Institute of Science took shape in Bangalore, it existed as a conversation at sea—between a monk, an industrialist, and an idea powerful enough to challenge empire. This is the lesser-known story of how India imagined its scientific future.
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc), today a global leader in scientific research and India’s top-ranked higher education institution, owes its origin to more than institutional foresight or industrial philanthropy alone. It is the product of an unusual intellectual alliance, forged at sea, sustained through resistance, and animated by a radical idea for its time: that science in India must grow from freedom, reason, and national purpose.
While the name of Jamsetji Tata rightly dominates the institute’s formal history, two other figures—often relegated to the margins—played decisive roles in shaping the idea that would eventually become IISc: Swami Vivekananda, arguably the most influential Indian monk in modern history, and his closest disciple, Sister Nivedita. Their influence did not merely inspire an institution; it articulated a philosophy of scientific self-reliance that would later define modern India.
A Conversation at Sea: Vivekananda and Tata
In the summer of 1893, during a voyage from Japan to Canada, two men from vastly different worlds found themselves in sustained conversation. One was Swami Vivekananda, then a 30-year-old monk, unknown internationally but already possessed of a formidable intellect and a sweeping vision for India’s future. The other was Jamsetji Tata, a leading industrialist deeply invested in India’s economic and industrial transformation.
Their discussions during this journey proved consequential. Vivekananda spoke passionately about India’s structural weakness: a civilisation rich in spiritual capital yet reduced to exporting raw materials while importing finished goods. For India to regain dignity and autonomy, he argued, scientific and technological education had to become central—not in imitation of the West, but rooted in India’s own needs and conditions. He suggested Tata to think on that lines.
Tata, already an influential figure in India’s industrial landscape, was deeply moved by Vivekananda’s ideas. Although the monk’s vision was far-reaching and idealistic, Tata recognized its importance and resolved to act upon it. This was the beginning of Tata’s long-standing commitment to the advancement of science in India. Vivekananda’s ideas gave philosophical coherence to Tata’s industrial instincts, transforming them into a national project rather than a private enterprise.
From Idea to Commitment
Five years later, in 1898, Tata wrote to Vivekananda, recalling their shipboard conversation and seeking his guidance for a proposed research institute. By then, Vivekananda had returned from his celebrated travels abroad, having profoundly altered Western perceptions of India.
In his letter, Tata outlined his intention to establish a research institution devoted to both natural and humanistic sciences, supported by residential communities of scholars. He pledged £200,000—an extraordinary sum at the time—to bring this vision into being.
“I trust you remember me as a fellow-traveller on your voyage from Japan to Chicago. I very much recall at this moment your views on the growth of the ascetic spirit in India, and the duty, not of destroying, but of diverting it into useful channels.
I recall these ideas in connection with my scheme of a Research Institute of Science for India, of which you have doubtless heard or read. It seems to me that no better use can be made of the ascetic spirit than the establishment of monasteries or residential halls for men dominated by this spirit, where they should live with ordinary decency, and devote their lives to the cultivation of sciences – natural and humanistic. I am of opinion that if such a crusade in favour of an asceticism of this kind were undertaken by a competent leader, it would greatly help asceticism, science, and the good name of our common country; and I know not who would make a more fitting general of such a campaign than Vivekananda,” Tata wrote in the letter.
Vivekananda’s response, published in the April 1899 issue of Prabuddha Bharata magazine, was unequivocal in its endorsement:
“We are not aware if any project at once so opportune and so far-reaching in its beneficent effects was ever mooted in India, as that of the post-graduate research university of Mr. Tata. The scheme grasps the vital point of weakness in our national well-being with a clearness of vision and tightness of grip, the masterliness of which is only equalled by the munificence of the gift with which it is ushered to the public.
It is needless to go into the details of Mr. Tata’s scheme here. Every one of our readers must have read Mr. Padsha’s lucid exposition of them. We shall try to simply state here the underlying principle of it. If India is to live and prosper and if there is to be an Indian nation which will have its place in the ranks of the great nations of the world, the food question must be solved first of all. And in these days of keen competition, it can only be solved by letting the light of modern science penetrate every pore of the two giant feeders of mankind: agriculture and commerce.”

Although Vivekananda could not personally lead the initiative—bound as he was to his monastic responsibilities—his intellectual sanction gave the project moral authority. He urged his disciples to support it fully.
Sister Nivedita and the Battle for the Institute
Among those disciples, Sister Nivedita emerged as the most tireless advocate of Tata’s vision. Deeply invested in India’s intellectual regeneration, she recognised the proposed institute as essential to national self-respect and autonomy.

Through articles in English-language newspapers and sustained public engagement, she defended the project against skepticism and delay. In 1899, she wrote:
“We are not aware if any project is at once so opportune and so far-reaching in its beneficent effects as that of the Post-Graduate Research University of Mr. Tata. The scheme grasps the vital point of weakness in our national well-being with a clearness of vision and tightness of grip.”
Her efforts proved crucial at a time when the British colonial establishment viewed Indian scientific ambition with suspicion.
Colonial Resistance and Intellectual Pushback
The proposal encountered formidable resistance. Lord Curzon dismissed the idea outright, questioning whether Indians were capable of advanced scientific research. Later, William Ramsay, tasked with reviewing the proposal, rejected it on the grounds that science and the humanities could not coexist within a single institution—a judgment steeped as much in colonial prejudice as in academic opinion.
Undeterred, Nivedita took the campaign to London, enlisting figures such as William James and Patrick Geddes. James, in particular, insisted that the institute must remain autonomous and nationally governed, free from bureaucratic control.
Realisation After Loss
Jamsetji Tata died in 1904, two years after Vivekananda. Yet the idea they had shaped survived them both. In 1909, under Lord Minto, the proposal finally received approval.
Though originally planned for Bombay, the institute was established in Bangalore after Krishnaraj Wadiyar donated 370 acres of land. His father, Chamaraja Wadiyar, had been instrumental in supporting Vivekananda’s early travels to the West.
It is a reminder that the pursuit of science, when rooted in national self-respect, becomes an act of civilisation-building
The IISc would later become the intellectual seedbed for institutions such as the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Indian Institutes of Technology.
Legacy Beyond Recognition
While Tata’s name remains inseparable from IISc, the intellectual and moral architecture of the institute bears the unmistakable imprint of Vivekananda and Sister Nivedita. Vivekananda’s insistence on freedom, reason, and disciplined inquiry—and Nivedita’s relentless defence of those principles—ensured that the institute was conceived not as a colonial appendage, but as a national institution rooted in Indian epistemology.

Vivekananda’s philosophy rejected blind authority in all forms. He always suggested that: Rational truth must be accepted from anyone; irrational claims must be rejected, even if spoken by authority.
That commitment to intellectual freedom lies at the heart of IISc. The institute stands today not merely as a centre of scientific excellence, but as a living testament to an idea: that India’s freedom, dignity, and future depend on the fearless union of reason and responsibility.
IISc stands, more than a century later, as evidence that India’s scientific future was imagined not only in boardrooms and government files, but in conversations about freedom, reason, and responsibility. It is a reminder that the pursuit of science, when rooted in national self-respect, becomes an act of civilisation-building.
Earth
Vantara: Inside a Billionaire-Backed Bid to Build a Global Wildlife University
The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex.
A new private university focused on wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences is being positioned as an ambitious attempt to reshape how the world trains the next generation of conservation professionals—backed by one of Asia’s most influential business families.
The institution, Vantara University, has been launched in western India by a wildlife initiative founded by Anant Ambani, part of the Reliance group. Framed as an integrated academic ecosystem, the project reflects a growing trend where private capital is stepping into areas traditionally led by public institutions and global nonprofits.
Vantara officially describes the university as the “world’s first integrated global university” dedicated to wildlife conservation and veterinary sciences. While the scale and integration may be distinctive, similar disciplines are already taught across universities worldwide, often through specialised schools, research centres, and veterinary colleges.
The claim, therefore, rests less on the existence of such education and more on the attempt to consolidate it within a single, purpose-built institutional framework.
A Shift Toward Education-Led Conservation
The launch comes at a time when conservation challenges are becoming increasingly complex. Climate change, habitat fragmentation, and the spread of zoonotic diseases are reshaping ecosystems and exposing the limits of traditional conservation models.
There is a growing recognition that protecting biodiversity will require not just field interventions, but a systemic expansion of expertise—from wildlife veterinarians and epidemiologists to policy specialists and conservation planners.
Vantara University aims to respond to this gap by bringing together disciplines such as wildlife medicine, genetics, behavioural sciences, epidemiology, and conservation policy under one academic structure.
Blending Science, Scale, and Philosophy
The university’s vision combines scientific training with a philosophical framing rooted in compassion and stewardship. Its design draws inspiration from historical centres of learning, while positioning itself as a modern, purpose-led institution.
“The future of conservation will depend on how we prepare minds and institutions to serve life with compassion, knowledge, and skill,” Anant Ambani said in a statement.
“Vantara University is shaped by a deeply personal journey of witnessing animals in distress and recognising the need for greater capability in their care… the university seeks to nurture a new generation committed to protecting every life.”
Global Ambitions, Local Foundations
Although based in India, the project is clearly aimed at a global audience.
The university plans to offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and specialised programmes, supported by research infrastructure and international collaborations. It also emphasises action-oriented learning, linking academic work with real-world conservation practices.
This approach reflects a broader shift in higher education, where institutions are increasingly expected to produce not just knowledge, but deployable expertise.
The Rise of Private Influence in Conservation
The initiative also highlights a larger structural shift: the growing role of private capital in shaping conservation agendas.
Historically, conservation has been driven by governments, multilateral agencies, and non-profit organisations. However, large-scale funding gaps and the urgency of environmental crises are opening the door for philanthropic and corporate actors to play a more prominent role.
This raises both opportunities and questions.
Private initiatives can accelerate innovation and investment, but they also bring concerns around governance, accountability, and long-term alignment with public interest.
Questions of Access and Impact
As with many specialised institutions, accessibility will be a critical test.
While the university has announced scholarships aimed at supporting students from diverse backgrounds, the broader question remains: can such models scale inclusively, particularly for communities most directly affected by environmental change?
The effectiveness of the initiative will also depend on its ability to influence policy, contribute to global research, and produce professionals equipped to address complex ecological challenges.
A Changing Conservation Landscape
The launch of Vantara University signals a deeper transition in how conservation is being imagined.
Increasingly, the field is moving beyond isolated interventions toward integrated systems that connect science, education, and practice. In this context, universities are not just centres of learning—they are becoming critical infrastructure in the fight to preserve biodiversity.
Whether this particular model succeeds will depend on execution, collaboration, and its ability to move beyond vision into measurable impact.
But its emergence underscores a central reality:
The future of conservation may depend as much on classrooms and laboratories as it does on forests and protected areas.
Health
Lancet Commission Launched to Tackle Health and Justice Impacts of Rising Sea Levels
A new Lancet Commission will examine how rising sea levels impact health, equity, and global systems, with experts calling it an urgent crisis.
A new global commission led by The Lancet has been launched to examine the growing health and justice impacts of sea-level rise, as climate change accelerates risks for millions living in coastal and low-lying regions.
The Lancet Commission on Sea-Level Rise, Health and Justice, announced on April 8, brings together 26 international experts to assess how rising seas are reshaping public health, livelihoods, and global equity.
A Growing Crisis Beyond Climate
Sea-level rise, driven by anthropogenic climate change, is already contributing to displacement, food and water insecurity, and changing patterns of infectious diseases. The Commission marks the first major effort to analyse these intersecting risks through a health-focused lens.
“This commission comes at exactly the right time… sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat. It is already disrupting lives, health and wellbeing, especially for the most vulnerable,” said Christiana Figueres, Co-Chair of the Commission and a former UN climate chief.
Experts warn that the impacts extend far beyond environmental damage, affecting the social and economic fabric of vulnerable communities.
“Rising seas don’t just threaten coastlines, they threaten lives, livelihoods, and basic fairness. This is not only a climate problem. It is a health crisis, a justice crisis, and an urgent call for collective action,” said Jemilah Mahmood, Commissioner, Lancet Commission, and Executive Director of the Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Malaysia.
An Urgent Global Health Challenge
The Commission is supported by the WHO Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment and Health and aims to generate evidence-based policy recommendations to strengthen adaptation, resilience, and equitable responses.
Dr Sandro Demaio, Director of WHO ACE, emphasised the immediacy of the crisis.
“Sea-level rise is no longer a distant threat — it is a public health emergency unfolding now. Through this WHO supported global Commission, we are clear: inaction is not neutral, it is a choice that puts lives and justice at risk.”
Human Impacts at the Core
The Commission also highlights the disproportionate burden on vulnerable populations, particularly in coastal and low-income regions.
“Rising sea levels are more than an environmental issue; they quietly contaminate water, displace communities, and increase health risks for those least able to cope. Every centimetre of sea level rise is not just a measure of water, but a measure of injustice,” said Kathryn Bowen, Co-Chair of the Commission.
A Defining Policy Moment
With projections suggesting that hundreds of millions of people could be displaced by the end of the century, the Commission aims to inform global policy and strengthen international cooperation.
“Sea-level rise is not just an environmental issue — it is a test of our commitment to people, equity, and future generations,” said Jiho Cha, Member of Parliament, Republic of Korea and Co-Chair of the Commission.
The Commission will contribute to global policy discussions, including international climate platforms, and aims to place human and planetary health at the centre of climate action.
Society
Why Campuses Need a Happiness Officer Now
Rising student stress and depression highlight the need for a happiness officer on campus to promote wellbeing and prevent mental health crises.
As student stress and mental health challenges rise, educational institutions must move beyond symbolic gestures and invest in structured wellbeing systems—starting with a dedicated happiness officer on campus.
The rising need for happiness
20 March was celebrated as the International Day of Happiness.
The idea of creating an International Day of Happiness is a great one; it deserves to be taken seriously. However, there is a need to do much more than celebrate happiness for just one day a year. This becomes crucial when one considers the rising problem of stress, depression and suicides among young people around the world, including in India.
The challenges of stress, depression and suicides among students
The education system places significant pressure on students, yet they are rarely taught how they, their parents, teachers or the system itself can help them cope with this pressure—or how to view their efforts in the right perspective.
Because of a lack of awareness, education and capability, stress has become a major issue in students’ lives, often leading to depression and, in some cases, suicides. These challenges have far-reaching negative impacts across different aspects of life, as supported by multiple research studies.
A happiness officer on campus
Since happiness is an essential ingredient for a fulfilling life—and also acts as a preventive factor in dealing with stress—it is important to give it greater importance in educational institutions.
Institutions already place heavy demands on faculty and staff, who may not have the time to actively focus on student wellbeing. In this context, employing a dedicated happiness officer to address health and wellbeing on campus could be a significant step forward.

The happiness officer’s primary responsibility should be to raise awareness about happiness, as well as the dangers of stress and depression, among students, faculty, staff and others on campus. This awareness must be continuous rather than occasional.
The second responsibility should be to organise regular programmes in engaging ways, covering themes such as what happiness is, why it matters, and how it can be cultivated, alongside practical approaches to understanding, avoiding and managing stress.

The third responsibility should be to track individuals who may be experiencing stress or depression and ensure they receive timely support. Additional responsibilities can be developed depending on the needs and context of each institution.
Avoiding the trap of tokenism
However, awareness initiatives and programmes must be implemented with sincerity and intent. The happiness officer must work in both letter and spirit to create meaningful impact, rather than simply fulfilling formal requirements.
This role should not fall into the common institutional trap where ticking boxes becomes more important than creating real change on the ground.
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