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EDUNEWS & VIEWS

How Swami Vivekananda Paved the Way for India’s Premier Science Institution

On the occasion of Swami Vivekananda’s birth anniversary, EdPublica highlights his pivotal role, alongside Sister Nivedita, in inspiring the creation of the Indian Institute of Science, India’s top-ranked higher education institution

Dipin Damodharan

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The Indian Institute of Science (IISc), today a global leader in scientific research, and India’s top-ranked higher education institution, owes its origin to a confluence of visionary ideas and unwavering dedication to national progress. While the name of eminent industrialist Jamsetji Tata often stands at the forefront of the institute’s establishment, two lesser-known figures played pivotal roles in shaping its foundations: Swami Vivekananda, a revolutionary Indian spiritual leader the world has ever seen, and his most loyal disciple Sister Nivedita. Their influence not only propelled the institution’s creation but also laid the groundwork for India’s self-reliance in science and technology.

The Visionary Dialogue: Swami Vivekananda and Jamsetji Tata

In the summer of 1893, two individuals—both from vastly different walks of life—found themselves sharing a ship journey from Japan to Canada. One was Swami Vivekananda, a 30-year-old monk, unknown to the world but filled with boundless energy and deep wisdom; the other was Jamsetji Tata, a prominent industrialist with a forward-thinking vision for India’s economic future. Their discussions during this journey would have a profound impact on the future of Indian science.

Swami Vivekananda, a leader whose brilliance and eloquence were so exceptional that even a Western leader could not come close to him at that time, passionately spoke of India’s potential to transition from merely trading raw materials to manufacturing its own goods. He emphasized the need for scientific and technological education to fulfill the country’s needs and help it become self-sufficient. He envisioned India not just as a land of spirituality, but as a land of innovation, equipped to face the challenges of a rapidly modernizing world.

Tata, already an influential figure in India’s industrial landscape, was deeply moved by Vivekananda’s ideas. Although the monk’s vision was far-reaching and idealistic, Tata recognized its importance and resolved to act upon it. This was the beginning of Tata’s long-standing commitment to the advancement of science in India.

Tata sought Vivekananda’s guidance to create a place where India’s spiritual ascetics could devote themselves to the advancement of science and technology.

The Seed of an Institution: Tata’s Pledge and Vivekananda’s Guidance

In 1898, five years after their first meeting, Tata wrote to Swami Vivekananda, after the latter’s much-celebrated and adored foreign trips that rocked the West, recalling their conversation on the ship. In his letter, Tata spoke of his vision for a research institute that would combine scientific research with the development of India’s humanistic traditions. Tata committed a substantial sum—200,000 pounds sterling (about INR 30 lakh at the time)—to establish a research institute that would focus on solving problems related to tropical diseases, Indian history, and the nation’s neglected scientific fields. Tata sought Vivekananda’s guidance to create a place where India’s spiritual ascetics could devote themselves to the advancement of science and technology.

“I trust you remember me as a fellow-traveller on your voyage from Japan to Chicago. I very much recall at this moment your views on the growth of the ascetic spirit in India, and the duty, not of destroying, but of diverting it into useful channels.

I recall these ideas in connection with my scheme of a Research Institute of Science for India, of which you have doubtless heard or read. It seems to me that no better use can be made of the ascetic spirit than the establishment of monasteries or residential halls for men dominated by this spirit, where they should live with ordinary decency, and devote their lives to the cultivation of sciences – natural and humanistic. I am of opinion that if such a crusade in favour of an asceticism of this kind were undertaken by a competent leader, it would greatly help asceticism, science, and the good name of our common country; and I know not who would make a more fitting general of such a campaign than Vivekananda,” Tata wrote in the letter.

In his reply letter, Vivekananda said (which was published in the April 1899 issue of Prabuddha Bharata, a monthly magazine started by Vivekananda), “We are not aware if any project at once so opportune and so far-reaching in its beneficent effects was ever mooted in India, as that of the post-graduate research university of Mr. Tata. The scheme grasps the vital point of weakness in our national well-being with a clearness of vision and tightness of grip, the masterliness of which is only equalled by the munificence of the gift with which it is ushered to the public.

It is needless to go into the details of Mr. Tata’s scheme here. Every one of our readers must have read Mr. Padsha’s lucid exposition of them. We shall try to simply state here the underlying principle of it. If India is to live and prosper and if there is to be an Indian nation which will have its place in the ranks of the great nations of the world, the food question must be solved first of all. And in these days of keen competition, it can only be solved by letting the light of modern science penetrate every pore of the two giant feeders of mankind: agriculture and commerce.”

Image credit: Dipin/EdPublica

While Swami Vivekananda could not directly lead the initiative due to his responsibilities with his monastic order, he wholeheartedly supported Tata’s vision. He encouraged his disciples to take the project forward, though he could not dedicate his time to its realization.

Sister Nivedita: A Tireless Advocate for Science and Self-Reliance

Swami Vivekananda’s disciple, Sister Nivedita, emerged as a crucial figure in the realization of Tata’s vision. Nivedita, who was deeply committed to India’s intellectual and cultural revival, took it upon herself to champion the cause of the research institute. Her writings in various English-language newspapers were instrumental in rallying public support for the project. In 1899, Nivedita wrote:

“We are not aware if any project is at once so opportune and so far-reaching in its beneficent effects as that of the Post-Graduate Research University of Mr. Tata. The scheme grasps the vital point of weakness in our national well-being with a clearness of vision and tightness of grip.”

Her powerful advocacy helped keep the vision alive despite challenges from the British colonial administration. Nivedita’s activism, coupled with her close relationship with prominent international thinkers, played a significant role in generating support for Tata’s ambitious plan.

Resistance and Struggle: The British Roadblocks

Despite Tata’s substantial pledge and Nivedita’s advocacy, the British establishment was initially unsupportive of the idea. When Tata presented the idea to Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, Curzon dismissed it as unfeasible. He doubted that Indians had the capacity for scientific research and questioned whether an institute focused on both science and humanities could succeed. Even after Tata met the Viceroy’s skepticism with steadfast commitment, the project was stalled.

The British colonial officials’ resistance continued when Sir William Ramsay, a well-known scientist, was appointed to inquire into Tata’s proposal. Ramsay, though a Nobel laureate in Chemistry, failed to transcend colonial biases. He rejected the idea, citing the improbability of blending scientific research with humanities. Despite the setbacks, Sister Nivedita refused to let the vision fade. While in London, she lobbied influential figures such as William James, the renowned American philosopher, and Patrick Geddes, a Scottish intellectual. Their advocacy bolstered the project’s credibility, with James even emphasizing that the institution should be managed entirely on national lines, free from government control.

The Final Approval: The Indian Institute of Science

Tragedy struck when Jamsetji Tata passed away in 1904, two years after Swami Vivekananda’s death. However, Tata’s dream was eventually realized after his death, when Lord Minto, the Viceroy who succeeded Lord Curzon, finally approved the proposal in 1909. The institute was originally intended to be located in Bombay, but it was ultimately established in Bangalore, thanks to the generous gift of 370 acres from the Maharaja of Mysore, Krishnaraj Wadiyar, who had been a devoted disciple of Vivekananda. His father H.H. Chamaraja Wadiyar, had been a staunch follower of Vivekananda and was greatly involved in sending him to the West.

The institute went on to become the intellectual backbone for a host of specialized institutions in India, including the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Indian Institutes of Technology.

Unrecognized Contributions: The Role of Swami Vivekananda and Sister Nivedita

While Jamsetji Tata’s name is forever associated with the IISc, the contributions of Swami Vivekananda and Sister Nivedita are often overlooked. Vivekananda’s ideas on channeling India’s spiritual energy towards practical, scientific advancement laid the ideological foundation for the institute. Sister Nivedita’s tireless advocacy ensured that Tata’s vision remained alive, even in the face of intense opposition.

Today, the IISc stands as a testament to the dreams of these extraordinary individuals—visionaries who understood the critical link between scientific progress and national self-reliance. While the world remembers Tata for his industrial foresight, it is important to recognize the role played by Vivekananda and Nivedita in laying the intellectual and spiritual groundwork for what would become India’s premier scientific institution. Their legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists, educators, and thinkers in India and beyond.

The ideas of Swami Vivekananda were clear and unwavering. Freedom and reason were their essence. That was reflected in the case of the IISc. He consistently taught the eternal principles of Dharma, and that was their core. In the verse “Yukthiyuktham vachograhhyam balaadapi shukaadapi, Ayukthamaapi na graahhyam saakshaadapi Brihaspathe”, lies the foundation of Indian epistemology. Rational matters can be accepted from anyone, even from a child or a parrot. However, irrational ideas, no matter how great the person who presents them, must not be accepted. This stands in opposition to all forms of blind belief. Therefore, a philosophy based on authoritarianism cannot claim to be the legacy of Swami Vivekananda. Neither can a dogmatic “Ism” rooted in a singular intellect be aligned with his vision. Swami believed that freedom is the soul of India and indeed, of humans. Its dependence is solely on itself.

Dipin is the Co-founder and Editor-in-Chief of EdPublica. A journalist and editor with over 15 years of experience leading and co-founding both print and digital media outlets, he has written extensively on education, politics, and culture. His work has appeared in global publications such as The Huffington Post, The Himalayan Times, DailyO, Education Insider, and others.

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EDUNEWS & VIEWS

Harvard Pledges $250 Million for Research After Federal Funding Slash

The administration has defended the funding freeze as part of a broader campaign to address what it characterizes as pervasive anti-Semitism on campuses and to roll back diversity programs

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Image credit: Kalhh from Pixabay

Harvard University has announced a $250 million investment to sustain vital research programs in the face of steep federal funding cuts imposed by the Trump administration.
The move follows a sweeping $2.6 billion reduction in government grants to the Ivy League institution, citing alleged discriminatory practices and refusal to comply with federal oversight mandates. The cuts, which Harvard is actively challenging in court, have already suspended or canceled dozens of projects—some of which were considered critical to public health and technological innovation.

University President Alan Garber and Provost John Manning issued a joint statement on Wednesday, emphasizing the urgent need to protect research initiatives. “While we cannot fully offset the financial blow from halted federal support, we are committed to backing essential research during this transitional period,” they said. The university is also working with faculty to secure alternative funding channels.

Harvard has strongly criticized the federal measures, calling the termination of grants “unlawful” and accusing the administration of interfering with academic independence. The university contends that the loss of funding not only halts groundbreaking work but also threatens years of scientific progress.

At the heart of the dispute is a broader political clash over university governance. Harvard, whose endowment reached $53.2 billion in 2024, has become a focal point of the Trump administration’s efforts to reshape higher education policy. The White House has demanded greater control over admissions, hiring, and the political climate on campus—demands Harvard has resisted.

The administration has defended the funding freeze as part of a broader campaign to address what it characterizes as pervasive anti-Semitism on campuses and to roll back diversity programs. Critics argue these moves are part of a larger effort to suppress progressive academic culture and penalize dissent over U.S. foreign policy, especially in light of recent student protests against the war in Gaza.

In recent weeks, federal authorities have also taken steps to revoke visas of international students involved in these demonstrations, accusing them of ties to militant organizations—allegations civil rights groups and university leaders have strongly disputed.

With tensions between the federal government and top academic institutions mounting, Harvard’s legal challenge could set a precedent for how universities navigate political interference while safeguarding research, free speech, and academic autonomy.

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India is not in competition with any other nation: ISRO Chief

ISRO Chief V. Narayanan urges youth to lead India’s technological revolution

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ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan

In a powerful address at the 8th edition of the Chhatra Sansad India Conclave (CSI), ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) Chairman V. Narayanan inspired over 20,000 young minds to push boundaries and take India to new heights in space exploration and scientific innovation. His message was clear: the nation’s future in technology will be shaped by the youth, and they are crucial in propelling India to the forefront of global advancements.

In his keynote, V. Narayanan, Chairman of ISRO, spoke about India’s ongoing strides in space exploration. He emphasized that India is not in competition with any other nation but is focused solely on advancing its own technological progress. “India’s future is in the hands of its youth. You are the driving force behind the country’s technological and scientific transformation,” Narayanan said, calling for continued innovation in space research.

The conclave, held at Lovely Professional University, gathered influential leaders, policymakers, and thinkers under the theme “Vision India 2047: Bharat @ 100.” The event was a platform for dynamic conversations about India’s growth and the role youth will play in shaping the nation’s future as it approaches its centenary of independence.

Dr. Ashok Kumar Mittal, Member of Indian Parliament and Founder Chancellor of LPU, set the tone for the event, urging the youth to embrace their power to reshape India’s trajectory. He highlighted LPU’s commitment to nurturing future leaders who will lead the country in global arenas.

Dr. Ashok Kumar Mittal, Member of Parliament and Founder Chancellor of LPU giving memento to social reformerDr. Maulana Kalbe Rushaid Rizvi, during Chhatra Sansad India Conclave at LPU

Other prominent speakers at the conclave included Smriti Irani, former Union Minister, who encouraged the youth to leverage their talents to build businesses and enterprises that would drive India’s economic future. Motivational speaker Jaya Kishori inspired attendees to embody discipline, values, and purpose-driven action, while Temjen Imna Along, Minister of Tourism & Higher Education for Nagaland, spoke of an inclusive India where progress benefits all regions and communities.

The event also saw insightful video messages from several distinguished figures, including Nitin Gadkari, India’s Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways, and Vikrant Massey, Indian actor, emphasizing the role of youth in the ongoing digital revolution and India’s rise on the global stage.

A key feature of the conclave was a thought-provoking debate on “One Nation, One Election,” which sparked discussions on the potential impact of a unified electoral system on India’s future governance. The debate, chaired by Maulana Kalbe Rushaid Rizvi, allowed students to actively contribute their views on shaping India’s democratic structure.

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EDUNEWS & VIEWS

‘Blue Ghost’ soft-lands on the moon in one shape

With Blue Ghost’s successful soft-landing, Firefly Aerospace has become only the first private company ever to have a lunar probe intact on the lunar surface.

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The Blue Ghost's shadow looms over the foreground in the image | Credit: NASA/Firefly Aerospace

On March 2, NASA confirmed the first ever successful soft-landing attempt by a private company. Firefly Aerospace’s lunar lander, the Blue Ghost Mission 1 (named after a rare species of fireflies thought native to the United States), touched down at precisely 2.04 p.m. IST, near Mons Latrielle at Mare Crisium on the moon’s near side. Firefly Aerospace issued a press release shortly thereafter.

The soft-landing comes after another US-based private company, Intuitive Machines, attempted one a year ago. On that occasion however, the lander, known as Odyssey, bounced off hard on the lunar surface at touchdown, following a steep descent. It rested titled with a stray lunar rock to offer a shoulder. In contrast, Blue Ghost which stuck both an upright landing, and its payloads intact.

The landing was the culmination of a 45 day trip that began early this year. On January 15, Blue Ghost blasted to space aboard a SpaceX’s Falcon 9 Block 5 from NASA’s Kennedy Space Centre, Florida. Sharing space during the launch was yet another commercial lunar lander, the Hakuto-R Mission 2  – built and operated by the Japanese space technology company, ispace. However, Hakuto-R has a projected landing date on the moon sometime in April, owing to a different arrival approach.

Firefly had released pictures of the lunar terrain, the Blue Ghost‘s photographed from its landing site. One of them shows a rugged gray dusty terrain, with a portion of the lander’s chassis in view in the foreground. Whereas a second one showed a desolate terrain with the earth reflecting sunlight above the horizon. Blue Ghost‘s shadow looms in the foreground in the image.

This site located close to Mons Latrielle, is what scientists think is an ancient basin formed upon a rogue asteroid impact eons ago. More than 500 km wide, Mare Crisium, as the basin is known by, is believed to have been flooded by lava in volcanic eruptions dating to some 4 billion years ago.

The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket that carried Firefly Aerospace’s lunar lander, Blue Ghost Mission 1, is seen stationed here at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, Florida | Credit: NASA

Laying groundwork for NASA’s Artemis

“Firefly is literally and figuratively over the Moon,” Jason Kim, CEO of Firefly Aerospace, said shortly after the landing, in a press release.  “Our Blue Ghost lunar lander now has a permanent home on the lunar surface with 10 NASA payloads and a plaque with every Firefly employee’s name. This bold, unstoppable team has proven we’re well equipped to deliver reliable, affordable access to the Moon, and we won’t stop there. With annual lunar missions, Firefly is paving the way for a lasting lunar presence that will help unlock access to the rest of the solar system for our nations, our partners, and the world.”

In 2023, Firefly Aerospace ferried the instruments as part of a $93.3 million contract signed with NASA as part of the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program. The CLPS program is Nasa’s attempt at driving private participation on future lunar missions. But the payloads help set stage for NASA’s Artemis program, which would mark their first attempt since the Apollo program, to land astronauts on the lunar surface.

Some of the payloads reflect the new engineering demands for such long-term lunar missions. To streamline tracking lander and rovers on the moon, NASA supplied the Lunar GNSS Receiver Experiment (LuGRE). It is a GNSS receiver to help earth-orbiting satellite constellations, including GPS and the Galileo, track the lunar lander with high accuracy in real-time. Another one is the Regolith Adherence Characterization (RAC) that investigates possible soil degradation left behind in the wake of a typical lunar mission soft-landing.

Other payloads were designed to explore various science objectives. Research institutes and universities across the United States contributed to a variety of instruments. They included laser retro reflectors to measure distances, an x-ray imaging device to study how the solar wind affects space weather on earth; a probe which can inject itself into the moon’s sub-surface to measure heat dissipation.

In a press release applauding Blue Ghost’s successful soft-landing attempt, NASA’s acting administrator, Janet Petro, said, “This incredible achievement demonstrates how Nasa and American companies are leading the way in space exploration for the benefit of all … We have already learned many lessons – and the technological and science demonstrations onboard Firefly’s Blue Ghost Mission 1 will improve our ability to not only discover more science, but to ensure the safety of our spacecraft instruments for future human exploration – both in the short term and long term.”

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